C-2 modified erythromycin derivatives

ABSTRACT

A compound having the formula selected from the group consisting of  
                 
 
     as well as and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, solvates, metabolites, and prodrugs thereof, are useful in treating bacterial infections. Also provided are pharmaceutically acceptable compositions, methods of treating bacterial infections, and processes for the preparation of the compounds.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application is a conversion of U.S. Provisional Application60/134,355, filed on May 14, 1999.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present invention relates to semisynthetic macrolides andcompositions which are antibacterial agents, processes for making thecompounds, synthetic intermediates employed in the processes, andmethods for treatment and prevention of bacterial infections in amammal.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Erythromycins A through D, represented by formula (E), (E)

Erythromycin R^(a) R^(b) A —OH —CH₃ B —H —CH₃ C —OH —H D —H —H

[0004] are well-known and potent antibacterial agents which are widelyused to treat and prevent bacterial infection. As with otherantibacterials, however, bacterial strains having resistance orinsufficient susceptibility to erythromycin have been identified. Also,erythromycin A has only weak activity against Gram-negative bacteria.Therefore, there is a continuing need to identify new erythromycinderivative compounds which have improved antibacterial activity, lesspotential for developing resistance, the desired Gram-negative activity,or unexpected selectivity against target microorganisms. Consequently,numerous investigators have prepared chemical derivatives oferythromycin in an attempt to obtain analogs having modified or improvedprofiles of antibiotic activity.

[0005] Kashimura, et al. have disclosed 6-O-methylerythromycinderivatives having a tricyclic basic nuclear structure in EuropeanApplication 559896, published Nov. 11, 1991, and Asaka, et al. havedisclosed 5-O-desoaminylerythronolide derivatives containing a tricycliccarbamate structure in PCT Application WO 93/21200, published Apr. 22,1992.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] In one embodiment of the present invention are compounds selectedfrom the group consisting of

[0007] and

[0008] a compound of formula (III)

[0009] wherein, in formulas (I)-(III),

[0010] Y and Z together are selected from the group consisting of

[0011] (1) oxo,

[0012] (2) ═N—OH,

[0013] (3) ═N-OR¹ wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of

[0014] (a) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl,

[0015] (b) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with aryl,

[0016] (c) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted aryl,

[0017] (d) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl,

[0018] (e) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl,

[0019] (f) -C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl,

[0020] (g) —Si(R²) (R³) (R⁴), wherein R², R³, and R⁴, are eachindependently -C₁-C₁₂- alkyl or aryl,

[0021] and

[0022] (h) —(CH₂)_(n)NR⁵R⁶ wherein n is two to six, and R⁵ and R⁶ areindependently selected from the group consisting of

[0023] (i) hydrogen,

[0024] (ii) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl,

[0025] (iii) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with aryl,

[0026] (iv) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted aryl,

[0027] (v) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl,

[0028] and

[0029] (vi) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl,

[0030] or

[0031] R⁵ and R⁶ taken together with the atom to which they are attachedare C₃-C₁₂-heterocycloalkyl,

[0032] and

[0033] (4)═N—OC(R⁷) (R⁸) (—OR¹), wherein R¹ is defined above, and R⁷ andR⁸ are independently selected from the group consisting of

[0034] (i) hydrogen,

[0035] (ii) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl,

[0036] (iii) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with aryl,

[0037] (iv) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted aryl,

[0038] (v) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl,

[0039] and

[0040] (vi) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl,

[0041] or

[0042] R⁷ and R⁸ taken together with the atom to which they are attachedare C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl,

[0043] or

[0044] one of Y and Z is hydrogen, and the other is selected from thegroup consisting of

[0045] (1) hydrogen,

[0046] (2) hydroxy,

[0047] (3) —OR wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0048] and

[0049] (4) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above;

[0050] T is selected from the group consisting of

[0051] (1) —O—,

[0052] (2) —NH—,

[0053] and

[0054] (3) —N(W(R^(g)))- wherein W is absent or selected from the groupconsisting of

[0055] (a) —O—,

[0056] (b) —(CH₂)_(p)- wherein p is one to six,

[0057] and

[0058] (c) —NH—,

[0059] and

[0060] R^(g) is selected from the group consisting of

[0061] (a) hydrogen,

[0062] (b) -C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl,

[0063] (c) aryl,

[0064] (d) substituted aryl,

[0065] (e) heteroaryl,

[0066] (f) substituted heteroaryl,

[0067] (g) -C₁-C₆-alkyl,

[0068] (h) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0069] and

[0070] (i) -C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with one or more substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of

[0071] (i) aryl,

[0072] (ii) substituted aryl,

[0073] (iii) heteroaryl,

[0074] (iv) substituted heteroaryl,

[0075] (v) hydroxy,

[0076] (vi) —OR¹,

[0077] and

[0078] (vii) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above;

[0079] R^(a) is selected from the group consisting of

[0080] (1) -C₁-C₁₀-alkyl optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents independently selected from the group consisting of

[0081] (a) halogen,

[0082] (b) hydroxy,

[0083] (c) —OR¹,

[0084] (d) oxo,

[0085] (e) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0086] (f) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0087] (g) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0088] (h)═N-OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0089] (i) cyano,

[0090] (j) —S(O)_(q)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above and q is zero to two,

[0091] (k) aryl,

[0092] (l) substituted aryl,

[0093] (m) heteroaryl,

[0094] (n) substituted heteroaryl,

[0095] (o) heterocycloalkyl,

[0096] (p) substituted heterocycloalkyl,

[0097] (q) —NHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0098] (r) —NHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0099] (s) ═NNR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0100] (t) ═NNHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0101] and

[0102] (u) ═NNHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0103] (2) -C₃-alkenyl,

[0104] (3) -C₃-alkynyl,

[0105] wherein (2) and (3) can be optionally substituted with asubstituent selected from the group consisting of

[0106] (a) halogen,

[0107] (b) carboxaldehyde,

[0108] (c) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0109] (d) —C(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0110] (e) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0111] (f) cyano,

[0112] (g) aryl,

[0113] (h) substituted aryl,

[0114] (i) heteroaryl,

[0115] and

[0116] (j) substituted heteroaryl,

[0117] (4) -C₄-C₁₀-alkenyl,

[0118] and

[0119] (5) -C₄-C₁₀-alkynyl,

[0120] wherein (4) and (5) can be optionally substituted with one ormore substituents independently selected from the group consisting of

[0121] (a) halogen,

[0122] (b) hydroxy,

[0123] (c) —OR¹,

[0124] (d) oxo,

[0125] (e) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0126] (f) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0127] (g) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0128] (h) ═N-OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0129] (i) cyano,

[0130] (j) —S(O)_(q)R¹ wherein R¹ and q are defined above,

[0131] (k) aryl,

[0132] (l) substituted aryl,

[0133] (m) heteroaryl,

[0134] (n) substituted heteroaryl,

[0135] (o) heterocycloalkyl,

[0136] (p) substituted heterocycloalkyl,

[0137] (q) —NHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0138] (r) —NHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0139] (s) ═NNR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0140] (t) ═NNHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0141] and

[0142] (u) ═NNHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above;

[0143] R^(b) is hydrogen or a hydroxy protecting group;

[0144] R is selected from the group consisting of

[0145] (1) -C₁-C₁₀-alkyl optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents independently selected from the group consisting of

[0146] (a) halogen,

[0147] (b) hydroxy,

[0148] (c) —OR¹,

[0149] (d) oxo,

[0150] (e) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0151] (f) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0152] (g) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0153] (h) ═N-OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0154] (i) cyano,

[0155] (j) —S(O)_(q)R¹ wherein R¹ and q are defined above,

[0156] (k) aryl,

[0157] (l) substituted aryl,

[0158] (m) heteroaryl,

[0159] (n) substituted heteroaryl,

[0160] (o) heterocycloalkyl,

[0161] (p) substituted heterocycloalkyl,

[0162] (q) —NHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0163] (r) —NHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0164] (s) ═NNR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0165] (t) ═NNHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0166] and

[0167] (u) ═NNHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0168] (2) -C₃-alkenyl,

[0169] (3) -C₃-alkynyl,

[0170] wherein (2) and (3) can be optionally substituted with asubstituent selected from the group consisting of

[0171] (a) halogen,

[0172] (b) carboxaldehyde,

[0173] (c) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0174] (d) —C(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0175] (e) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0176] (f) cyano,

[0177] (g) aryl,

[0178] (h) substituted aryl,

[0179] (i) heteroaryl,

[0180] and

[0181] (j) substituted heteroaryl,

[0182] (4) -C₄-C₁₀-alkenyl,

[0183] and

[0184] (5) -C₄-C₁₀-alkynyl,

[0185] wherein (4) and (5) can be optionally substituted with one ormore substituents independently selected from the group consisting of

[0186] (a) halogen,

[0187] (b) hydroxy,

[0188] (c) —OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0189] (d) oxo,

[0190] (e) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0191] (f) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0192] (g) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0193] (h) ═N-OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0194] (i) cyano,

[0195] (j) —S(O)_(q)R¹ wherein R¹ and q are defined above,

[0196] (k) aryl,

[0197] (l) substituted aryl,

[0198] (m) heteroaryl,

[0199] (n) substituted heteroaryl,

[0200] (o) heterocycloalkyl,

[0201] (p) substituted heterocycloalkyl,

[0202] (q) —NHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0203] (r) —NHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0204] (s) ═NNR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0205] (t) ═NNHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0206] and

[0207] (u) ═NNHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above;

[0208] (4) —C(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0209] (5) —C(O)OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0210] (6) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0211] (7) hydroxyl,

[0212] (8) —OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0213] (9) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0214] and

[0215] (10) —SO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above;

[0216] and

[0217] A, B, D, and E are independently selected from the groupconsisting of

[0218] (1) hydrogen,

[0219] and

[0220] (2) -C₁-C₆-alkyl optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents selected from the group consisting of

[0221] (a) -M-R¹¹ wherein M is selected from the group consisting of

[0222] (i) a covalent bond,

[0223] (ii) —C(O)NH—,

[0224] (iii) —NHC(O)—,

[0225] (iv) —NH—,

[0226] (v) —N(CH₃)—,

[0227] (vi) —O—,

[0228] (vii) —S(O)_(n)— wherein n is defined above,

[0229] (viii) —C(═NH)NH—,

[0230] (ix) —C(O)O—,

[0231] (x) —OC(O)—,

[0232] (xi) —OC(O)NH—,

[0233] (xii) —NHC(O)O—,

[0234] and

[0235] (xiii) —NHC(O)NH—,

[0236] and

[0237] R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of

[0238] (i) -C₁-C₆-alkyl optionally substituted with a substituentselected from the group consisting of

[0239] (1′) aryl,

[0240] (2′) substituted aryl,

[0241] (3′) heteroaryl,

[0242] and

[0243] (4′) substituted heteroaryl,

[0244] (ii) aryl,

[0245] (iii) substituted aryl,

[0246] (iv) heteroaryl,

[0247] (v) substituted heteroaryl

[0248] and

[0249] (vi) heterocycloalkyl,

[0250] (b) aryl,

[0251] (c) substituted aryl,

[0252] (d) heteroaryl,

[0253] (e) substituted heteroaryl,

[0254] (f) heterocycloalkyl,

[0255] (g) hydroxy,

[0256] (h) -C₁-C₆-alkoxy,

[0257] (i) halo,

[0258] and

[0259] (j) —NR¹⁵R¹⁶ wherein R¹⁵ and R¹⁶, together with the nitrogen atomto which they are attached, are a 3- to 7-membered ring optionallycontaining therein a moiety selected from the group consisting of

[0260] (i) —O—,

[0261] (ii) —NH—,

[0262] (iii) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl)-,

[0263] (iv) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with aryl)-,

[0264] (v) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with substituted aryl)-,

[0265] (vi) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl)-,

[0266] (vii) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl)-,

[0267] (viii) —S—,

[0268] and

[0269] (ix) —S(O)_(q)- wherein q is defined above,

[0270] or

[0271] any one pair of substituents selected from the group consistingof AB, AD, AE, BD, BE, and DE, taken together with the atom or atoms towhich they are attached, are C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl or a four- toseven-membered ring containing a moiety selected from the groupconsisting of

[0272] (1) —O—,

[0273] (2) —NH—,

[0274] (3) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl)-,

[0275] (4) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with aryl)-,

[0276] (5) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with substituted aryl)-,

[0277] (6) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl)-,

[0278] (7) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl)-,

[0279] and

[0280] (8) —S(O)_(q)- wherein q is defined above.

[0281] In another embodiment of the invention are pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compoundof formulas (I)-(III) with a pharmaceutically acceptible carrier.

[0282] In another embodiment of the invention are methods of treatingbacterial infection in a mammal in recognized need of such treatmentcomprising administering an effective amount of a compound of formulas(I)-(III).

[0283] In another embodiment of the invention is disclosed a process forthe preparation of a compound of formula (I)

[0284] a compound of formula (II)

[0285] and

[0286] a compound of formula (III)

[0287] wherein, in formulas (I)-(III),

[0288] Y and Z together are selected from the group consisting of

[0289] (1) oxo,

[0290] (2) ═N—OH,

[0291] (3) ═N—OR¹ wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of

[0292] (a) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl,

[0293] (b) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with aryl,

[0294] (c) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted aryl,

[0295] (d) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl,

[0296] (e) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl,

[0297] (f) -C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl,

[0298] (g) —Si(R²) (R³) (R⁴), wherein R², R³, and R⁴, are eachindependently -C₁-C₂-alkyl or aryl,

[0299] and

[0300] (h) —(CH₂)_(n)NR⁵R⁶ wherein n is two to six, and R⁵ and R⁶ areindependently selected from the group consisting of

[0301] (i) hydrogen,

[0302] (ii) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl,

[0303] (iii) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with aryl,

[0304] (iv) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted aryl,

[0305] (v) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl,

[0306] and

[0307] (vi) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl,

[0308] or

[0309] R⁵ and R⁶ taken together with the atom to which they are attachedare C₃-C₁₂-heterocycloalkyl,

[0310] and

[0311] (4) ═N—OC(R⁷) (R⁸) (—OR¹), wherein R¹ is defined above, and R⁷and R⁸ are independently selected from the group consisting of

[0312] (i) hydrogen,

[0313] (ii) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl,

[0314] (iii) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with aryl,

[0315] (iv) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted aryl,

[0316] (v) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl,

[0317] and

[0318] (vi) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl,

[0319] or

[0320] R⁷ and R⁸ taken together with the atom to which they are attachedare C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl,

[0321] or

[0322] one of Y and Z is hydrogen, and the other is selected from thegroup consisting of

[0323] (1) hydrogen,

[0324] (2) hydroxy,

[0325] (3) —OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0326] and

[0327] (4) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above;

[0328] T is selected from the group consisting of

[0329] (1) —O—,

[0330] (2) —NH—,

[0331] and

[0332] (3) —N(W(R^(g)))- wherein W is absent or selected from the groupconsisting of

[0333] (a) —O—,

[0334] (b) —(CH₂)_(p)- wherein p is one to six,

[0335] and

[0336] (c) —NH—,

[0337] and

[0338] R^(g) is selected from the group consisting of

[0339] (a) hydrogen,

[0340] (b) -C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl,

[0341] (c) aryl,

[0342] (d) substituted aryl,

[0343] (e) heteroaryl,

[0344] (f) substituted heteroaryl,

[0345] (g) -C₁-C₆-alkyl,

[0346] (h) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0347] and

[0348] (i) -C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with one or more substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of

[0349] (i) aryl,

[0350] (ii) substituted aryl,

[0351] (iii) heteroaryl,

[0352] (iv) substituted heteroaryl,

[0353] (v) hydroxy,

[0354] (vi) —OR¹,

[0355] and

[0356] (vii) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above;

[0357] R^(a) is selected from the group consisting of

[0358] (1) -C₁-C₁₀-alkyl optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents independently selected from the group consisting of

[0359] (a) halogen,

[0360] (b) hydroxy,

[0361] (c) —OR¹,

[0362] (d) oxo,

[0363] (e) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0364] (f) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0365] (g) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0366] (h) ═N—OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0367] (i) cyano,

[0368] (j) —S(O)_(q)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above and q is zero to two,

[0369] (k) aryl,

[0370] (l) substituted aryl,

[0371] (m) heteroaryl,

[0372] (n) substituted heteroaryl,

[0373] (o) heterocycloalkyl,

[0374] (p) substituted heterocycloalkyl,

[0375] (q) —NHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0376] (r) —NHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0377] (s) —NNR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0378] (t) —NNHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0379] and

[0380] (u) ═NNHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0381] (2) -C₃-alkenyl,

[0382] (3) -C₃-alkynyl,

[0383] wherein (2) and (3) can be optionally substituted with asubstituent selected from the group consisting of

[0384] (a) halogen,

[0385] (b) carboxaldehyde,

[0386] (c) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0387] (d) —C(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0388] (e) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0389] (f) cyano,

[0390] (g) aryl,

[0391] (h) substituted aryl,

[0392] (i) heteroaryl,

[0393] and

[0394] (o) substituted heteroaryl,

[0395] (4) -C₄-C₁₀-alkenyl,

[0396] and

[0397] (5) -C₄-C₁₀-alkynyl,

[0398] wherein (4) and (5) can be optionally substituted with one ormore substituents independently selected from the group consisting of

[0399] (a) halogen,

[0400] (b) hydroxy,

[0401] (c) —OR¹,

[0402] (d) oxo,

[0403] (e) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0404] (f) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0405] (g) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0406] (h) ═N—OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0407] (i) cyano,

[0408] (j) —S(O)_(q)R¹ wherein R¹ and q are defined above,

[0409] (k) aryl,

[0410] (l) substituted aryl,

[0411] (m) heteroaryl,

[0412] (n) substituted heteroaryl,

[0413] (o) heterocycloalkyl,

[0414] (p) substituted heterocycloalkyl,

[0415] (q) —NHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0416] (r) —NHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0417] (s) ═NNR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0418] (t) ═NNHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0419] and

[0420] (u) —NNHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above;

[0421] R^(b) is hydrogen or a hydroxy protecting group;

[0422] R is selected from the group consisting of

[0423] (1) -C₁-C₁₀-alkyl optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents independently selected from the group consisting of

[0424] (a) halogen,

[0425] (b) hydroxy,

[0426] (c) —OR¹,

[0427] (d) oxo,

[0428] (e) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0429] (f) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0430] (g) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0431] (h) ═N—OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0432] (i) cyano,

[0433] (j) —S(O)_(q)R¹ wherein R¹ and q are defined above,

[0434] (k) aryl,

[0435] (l) substituted aryl,

[0436] (m) heteroaryl,

[0437] (n) substituted heteroaryl,

[0438] (o) heterocycloalkyl,

[0439] (p) substituted heterocycloalkyl,

[0440] (q) —NHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0441] (r) —NHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0442] (s) ═NNR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0443] (t) ═NNHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0444] and

[0445] (u) ═NNHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0446] (2) -C₃-alkenyl,

[0447] (3) -C₃-alkynyl,

[0448] wherein (2) and (3) can be optionally substituted with asubstituent selected from the group consisting of

[0449] (a) halogen,

[0450] (b) carboxaldehyde,

[0451] (c) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0452] (d) —C(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0453] (e) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0454] (f) cyano,

[0455] (g) aryl,

[0456] (h) substituted aryl,

[0457] (i) heteroaryl,

[0458] and

[0459] (j) substituted heteroaryl,

[0460] (4) -C₄-C₁₀-alkenyl,

[0461] and

[0462] (5) -C₄-C₁₀-alkynyl,

[0463] wherein (4) and (5) can be optionally substituted with one ormore substituents independently selected from the group consisting of

[0464] (a) halogen,

[0465] (b) hydroxy,

[0466] (c) —OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0467] (d) oxo,

[0468] (e) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0469] (f) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0470] (g) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0471] (h) ═N—OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0472] (i) cyano,

[0473] (j) —S(O)_(q)R¹ wherein R¹ and q are defined above,

[0474] (k) aryl,

[0475] (l) substituted aryl,

[0476] (m) heteroaryl,

[0477] (n) substituted heteroaryl,

[0478] (o) heterocycloalkyl,

[0479] (p) substituted heterocycloalkyl,

[0480] (q) —NHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0481] (r) —NHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0482] (s) ═NNR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0483] (t) ═NNHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0484] and

[0485] (u) ═NNHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above;

[0486] (4) —C(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0487] (5) —C(O)OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0488] (6) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0489] (7) hydroxyl,

[0490] (8) —OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0491] (9) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0492] and

[0493] (10) —SO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above;

[0494] and

[0495] A, B, D, and E are independently selected from the groupconsisting of

[0496] (1) hydrogen,

[0497] and

[0498] (2) —C₁-C₆-alkyl optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents selected from the group consisting of

[0499] (a) -M-R¹¹ wherein M is selected from the group consisting of

[0500] (i) a covalent bond,

[0501] (ii) —C(O)NH—,

[0502] (iii) —NHC(O)—,

[0503] (iv) —NH—,

[0504] (v) —N(CH₃)-,

[0505] (vi) —O—,

[0506] (vii) —S(O)_(n)- wherein n is defined above,

[0507] (viii) —C(═NH)NH—,

[0508] (ix) —C(O)O—,

[0509] (x) —OC(O)—,

[0510] (xi) —OC(O)NH—,

[0511] (xii) —NHC(O)O—,

[0512] and

[0513] (xiii) —NHC(O)NH—,

[0514] and

[0515] R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of

[0516] (i) -C₁-C₆-alkyl optionally substituted with a substituentselected from the group consisting of

[0517] (1′) aryl,

[0518] (2′) substituted aryl,

[0519] (3′) heteroaryl,

[0520] and

[0521] (4′) substituted heteroaryl,

[0522] (ii) aryl,

[0523] (iii) substituted aryl,

[0524] (iv) heteroaryl,

[0525] (v) substituted heteroaryl

[0526] and

[0527] (vi) heterocycloalkyl,

[0528] (b) aryl,

[0529] (c) substituted aryl,

[0530] (d) heteroaryl,

[0531] (e) substituted heteroaryl,

[0532] (f) heterocycloalkyl,

[0533] (g) hydroxy,

[0534] (h) -C₁-C₆-alkoxy,

[0535] (i) halo,

[0536] and

[0537] (j) —NR¹⁵R¹⁶ wherein R¹⁵ and R^(16,) together with the nitrogenatom to which they are attached, are a 3- to 7-membered ring optionallycontaining therein a moiety selected from the group consisting of

[0538] (i) —O—,

[0539] (ii) —NH—,

[0540] (iii) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl)-,

[0541] (iv) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl-substituted with aryl)-,

[0542] (v) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with substituted aryl)-,

[0543] (vi) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl)-,

[0544] (vii) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl)-,

[0545] (viii) —S—,

[0546] and

[0547] (ix) —S(O)_(q)- wherein q is defined above,

[0548] or

[0549] any one pair of substituents selected from the group consistingof AB, AD, AE, BD, BE, and DE, taken together with the atom or atoms towhich they are attached, are C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl or a four- toseven-membered ring containing a moiety selected from the groupconsisting of

[0550] (1) —O—,

[0551] (2) —NH—,

[0552] (3) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl)-,

[0553] (4) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with aryl)-,

[0554] (5) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with substituted aryl)-,

[0555] (6) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl)-,

[0556] (7) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl)-,

[0557] and

[0558] (8) —S(O)_(q)- wherein q is defined above,

[0559] the process comprising

[0560] (a) reacting a compound of formula (Ia)

[0561] a compound of formula (IIa)

[0562] or

[0563] a compound of formula (IIIa)

[0564] with an electrophile in the presence of a base,

[0565] and

[0566] (b) optionally deprotecting and isolating the desired product.

[0567] In another embodiment of the invention is a process for thepreparation of a compound of formula (I)

[0568] a compound of formula (II)

[0569] and

[0570] a compound of formula (III)

[0571] wherein, in formulas (I)-(III),

[0572] Y and Z together are selected from the group consisting of

[0573] (1) oxo,

[0574] (2) ═N—OH,

[0575] (3) ═N—OR¹ wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of

[0576] (a) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl,

[0577] (b) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with aryl,

[0578] (c) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted aryl,

[0579] (d) -C₁-C ₁₂-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl,

[0580] (e) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl,

[0581] (f) -C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl,

[0582] (g) —Si(R²) (R³) (R⁴), wherein R², R³, and R⁴, are eachindependently -C₁-C₁₂- alkyl or aryl,

[0583] and

[0584] (h) —(CH₂)_(n)NR⁵R⁶ wherein n is two to six, and R⁵ and R⁶ areindependently selected from the group consisting of

[0585] (i) hydrogen,

[0586] (ii) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl,

[0587] (iii) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with aryl,

[0588] (iv) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted aryl,

[0589] (v) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl,

[0590] and

[0591] (vi) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl,

[0592] or

[0593] R⁵ and R⁶ taken together with the atom to which they are attachedare C₃-C₁ ₂-cycloalkyl,

[0594] and

[0595] (4) ═N—OC(R⁷) (R⁸) (—OR¹), wherein R¹ is defined above, and R⁷and R⁸ are independently selected from the group consisting of

[0596] (i) hydrogen,

[0597] (ii) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl,

[0598] (iii) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with aryl,

[0599] (iv) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted aryl,

[0600] (v) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl,

[0601] and

[0602] (vi) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl,

[0603] or

[0604] R⁷ and R⁸ taken together with the atom to which they are attachedare C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl,

[0605] or

[0606] one of Y and Z is hydrogen, and the other is selected from thegroup consisting of

[0607] (1) hydrogen,

[0608] (2) hydroxy,

[0609] (3) —OR wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0610] and

[0611] (4) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above;

[0612] T is selected from the group consisting of

[0613] (1) —O—,

[0614] (2) —NH—,

[0615] and

[0616] (3) —N(W(R^(g)))- wherein W is absent or selected from the groupconsisting of

[0617] (a) —O—,

[0618] (b) —(CH₂)_(p)- wherein p is one to six,

[0619] and

[0620] (c) —NH—,

[0621] and

[0622] R^(g) is selected from the group consisting of

[0623] (a) hydrogen,

[0624] (b) -C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl,

[0625] (c) aryl,

[0626] (d) substituted aryl,

[0627] (e) heteroaryl,

[0628] (f) substituted heteroaryl,

[0629] (g) -C₁-C₆-alkyl,

[0630] (h) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0631] and

[0632] (i) -C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with one or more substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of

[0633] (i) aryl,

[0634] (ii) substituted aryl,

[0635] (iii) heteroaryl,

[0636] (iv) substituted heteroaryl,

[0637] (v) hydroxy,

[0638] (vi) —OR¹,

[0639] and

[0640] (vii) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above;

[0641] R^(a) is selected from the group consisting of

[0642] (1) -C₁-C₁₀-alkyl optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents independently selected from the group consisting of

[0643] (a) halogen,

[0644] (b) hydroxy,

[0645] (c) —OR¹,

[0646] (d) oxo,

[0647] (e) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0648] (f) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0649] (g) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0650] (h) ═N—OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0651] (i) cyano,

[0652] (j) —S(O)_(q)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above and q is zero to two,

[0653] (k) aryl,

[0654] (l) substituted aryl,

[0655] (m) heteroaryl,

[0656] (n) substituted heteroaryl,

[0657] (o) heterocycloalkyl,

[0658] (p) substituted heterocycloalkyl,

[0659] (q) —NHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0660] (r) —NHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0661] (s) ═NNR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0662] (t) ═NNHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0663] and

[0664] (u) ═NNHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0665] (2) -C₃-alkenyl,

[0666] (3) -C₃-alkynyl,

[0667] wherein (2) and (3) can be optionally substituted with asubstituent selected from the group consisting of

[0668] (a) halogen,

[0669] (b) carboxaldehyde,

[0670] (c) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0671] (d) —C(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0672] (e) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0673] (f) cyano,

[0674] (g) aryl,

[0675] (h) substituted aryl,

[0676] (i) heteroaryl,

[0677] and

[0678] (j) substituted heteroaryl,

[0679] (4) -C₄-C₁₀-alkenyl,

[0680] and

[0681] (5) -C₄-C₁₀-alkynyl,

[0682] wherein (4) and (5) can be optionally substituted with one ormore substituents independently selected from the group consisting of

[0683] (a) halogen,

[0684] (b) hydroxy,

[0685] (c) —OR¹,

[0686] (d) oxo,

[0687] (e) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0688] (f) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0689] (g) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0690] (h) ═N—OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0691] (i) cyano,

[0692] (j) —S(O)_(q)R¹ wherein R¹ and q are defined above,

[0693] (k) aryl,

[0694] (l) substituted aryl,

[0695] (m) heteroaryl,

[0696] (n) substituted heteroaryl,

[0697] (o) heterocycloalkyl,

[0698] (p) substituted heterocycloalkyl,

[0699] (q) —NHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0700] (r) —NHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0701] (s) ═NNR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0702] (t) ═NNHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0703] and

[0704] (u) ═NNHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above;

[0705] R^(b) is hydrogen or a hydroxy protecting group;

[0706] R is selected from the group consisting of

[0707] (1) -C₁-C₁₀-alkyl optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents independently selected from the group consisting of

[0708] (a) halogen,

[0709] (b) hydroxy,

[0710] (c) —OR¹,

[0711] (d) oxo,

[0712] (e) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0713] (f) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0714] (g) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0715] (h) ═N—OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0716] (i) cyano,

[0717] (j) —S(O)_(q)R¹ wherein R¹ and q are defined above,

[0718] (k) aryl,

[0719] (l) substituted aryl,

[0720] (m) heteroaryl,

[0721] (n) substituted heteroaryl,

[0722] (o) heterocycloalkyl,

[0723] (p) substituted heterocycloalkyl,

[0724] (q) —NHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0725] (r) —NHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0726] (s) ═NNR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0727] (t) ═NNHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0728] and

[0729] (u) ═NNHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0730] (2) -C₃-alkenyl,

[0731] (3) -C₃-alkynyl,

[0732] wherein (2) and (3) can be optionally substituted with asubstituent selected from the group consisting of

[0733] (a) halogen,

[0734] (b) carboxaldehyde,

[0735] (c) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0736] (d) —C(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0737] (e) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0738] (f) cyano,

[0739] (g) aryl,

[0740] (h) substituted aryl,

[0741] (i) heteroaryl,

[0742] and

[0743] (j) substituted heteroaryl,

[0744] (4) -C₄-C₁₀-alkenyl,

[0745] and

[0746] (5) -C₄-C₁₀-alkynyl,

[0747] wherein (4) and (5) can be optionally substituted with one ormore substituents independently selected from the group consisting of

[0748] (a) halogen,

[0749] (b) hydroxy,

[0750] (c) —OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0751] (d) oxo,

[0752] (e) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0753] (f) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0754] (g) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0755] (h) ═N—OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0756] (i) cyano,

[0757] (o) —S(O)_(q)R¹ wherein R¹ and q are defined above,

[0758] (k) aryl,

[0759] (l) substituted aryl,

[0760] (m) heteroaryl,

[0761] (n) substituted heteroaryl,

[0762] (o) heterocycloalkyl,

[0763] (p) substituted heterocycloalkyl,

[0764] (q) —NHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0765] (r) —NHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0766] (s) ═NNR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0767] (t) ═NNHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0768] and

[0769] (u) ═NNHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above;

[0770] (4) —C(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0771] (5) —C(O)OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0772] (6) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0773] (7) hydroxyl,

[0774] (8) —OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,

[0775] (9) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,

[0776] and

[0777] (10) —SO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above;

[0778] and

[0779] A, B, D, and E are independently selected from the groupconsisting of

[0780] (1) hydrogen,

[0781] and

[0782] (2) -C₁-C₆-alkyl optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents selected from the group consisting of

[0783] (a) -M-R¹¹ wherein M is selected from the group consisting of

[0784] (i) a covalent bond,

[0785] (ii) —C(O)NH—,

[0786] (iii) —NHC(O)—,

[0787] (iv) —NH—,

[0788] (v) —N(CH₃)-,

[0789] (vi) —O—,

[0790] (vii) —S(O)- wherein n is defined above,

[0791] (viii) —C(═NH)NH—,

[0792] (ix) —C(O)O—,

[0793] (x) —OC(O)—,

[0794] (xi) —OC(O)NH—,

[0795] (xii) —NHC(O)O—,

[0796] and

[0797] (xiii) —NHC(O)NH—,

[0798] and

[0799] R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of

[0800] (i) -C₁-C₆-alkyl optionally substituted with a substituentselected from the group consisting of

[0801] (1′) aryl,

[0802] (2′) substituted aryl,

[0803] (3′) heteroaryl,

[0804] and

[0805] (4′) substituted heteroaryl,

[0806] (ii) aryl,

[0807] (iii) substituted aryl,

[0808] (iv) heteroaryl,

[0809] (v) substituted heteroaryl

[0810] and

[0811] (vi) heterocycloalkyl,

[0812] (b) aryl,

[0813] (c) substituted aryl,

[0814] (d) heteroaryl,

[0815] (e) substituted heteroaryl,

[0816] (f) heterocycloalkyl,

[0817] (g) hydroxy,

[0818] (h) -C₁-C₆-alkoxy,

[0819] (i) halo,

[0820] and

[0821] (j) —NR¹⁵R¹⁶ wherein R¹⁵ and R¹⁶, together with the nitrogen atomto which they are attached, are a 3- to 7-membered ring optionallycontaining therein a moiety selected from the group consisting of

[0822] (i) —O—,

[0823] (ii) —NH—,

[0824] (iii) —-N(C₁-C₆-alkyl)-,

[0825] (iv) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl-substituted with aryl)-,

[0826] (v) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with substituted aryl)-,

[0827] (vi) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl)-,

[0828] (vii) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl)-,

[0829] (viii) —S—,

[0830] and

[0831] (ix) —S(O)_(q)- wherein q is defined above,

[0832] or

[0833] any one pair of substituents selected from the group consistingof AB, AD, AE, BD, BE, and DE, taken together with the atom or atoms towhich they are attached, are C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl or a four- toseven-membered ring containing a moiety selected from the groupconsisting of

[0834] (1) —O—,

[0835] (2) —NH—,

[0836] (3) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl)-,

[0837] (4) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with aryl)-,

[0838] (5) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with substituted aryl)-,

[0839] (6) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl)-,

[0840] (7) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl)-,

[0841] and

[0842] (8) —S(O)_(q)- wherein q is defined above,

[0843] the process comprising

[0844] (a) reacting the compound of formula (Ia)

[0845] a compound of formula (IIa)

[0846] or

[0847] a compound of formula (IIIa)

[0848] with an oxidizing agent

[0849] and

[0850] (b) optionally deprotecting and isolating the desired product.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0851] Definition of Terms

[0852] The term “alkenyl,” as used herein, refers to a monovalentstraight or branched chain group containing at least one carbon-carbondouble bond. The alkenyl groups of this invention can be optionallysubstituted.

[0853] The term “alkyl,” as used herein, refers to saturated, straightor branched chain hydrocarbon radicals. Examples of alkyl radicalsinclude methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl,neo-pentyl, and n-hexyl. The alkyl groups of this invention can beoptionally substituted.

[0854] The term “-C₁-C₃-alkylamino,” as used herein, refers to a aminogroup, as defined herein wherein one hydrogen atom is replaced by a-C₁-C₃-alkyl group. Examples of -C₁-C₃-alkylamino include methylamine,ethylamine, propylamine, and iso-propylamine.

[0855] The term “-C₁-C₃-alkylthio,” as used herein, refers to a-C₁-C₃-alkyl group, as defined herein, attached to the parent moleculargroup through a sulfur atom. Examples of -C₁-C₃-alkylthio include methylsulfide, ethyl sulfide, propyl sulfide, and iso-propyl sulfide.

[0856] The term “alkoxy,” as used herein, refers to an alkyl group, aspreviously defined, attached to the parent molecular group through anoxygen atom. Examples of alkoxy include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy,isopropoxy, n-butoxy, tert-butoxy, neo-pentoxy and n-hexoxy. The alkoxygroups of this invention can be optionally substituted.

[0857] The term “alkynyl,” as used herein, refers to a monovalentstraight or branched chain group of two to six carbon atoms containingat least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Examples of alkynyl includeethynyl, propynyl, and butynyl. The alkynyl groups of this invention canbe optionally substituted.

[0858] The term “amino,” as used herein, refers to —NH₂.

[0859] The term “aprotic solvent,” as used herein, refers to a solventthat is relatively inert to proton activity, i.e., not acting as aproton donor. Examples include hydrocarbons such as hexane and toluene,halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, ethylene chloride, andchloroform, heterocyclic compounds such as tetrahydrofuran andN-methylpyrrolidinone, and ethers such as diethyl ether,bis-methoxymethyl ether. Such compounds are well known to those skilledin the art, and it will be obvious to those skilled in the art thatindividual solvents or mixtures thereof may be preferred for specificcompounds and reaction conditions, depending upon such factors as thesolubility of reagents, reactivity of reagents and preferred temperatureranges, for example. Further discussions of aprotic solvents may befound in organic chemistry textbooks or in specialized monographs, forexample: Organic Solvents Physical Properties and Methods ofPurification, 4th ed., edited by John A. Riddick, et al., Vol. II, inthe Techniques of Chemistry Series, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y., 1986.

[0860] The term “aryl” as used herein refers to unsubstitutedcarbocyclic aromatic groups including phenyl, naphthyl, and anthracenyl.

[0861] The term “arylamino,” as used herein, refers to a amino group, asdefined herein wherein one hydrogen atom is replaced by an aryl group,as defined herein.

[0862] The term “aryloxy,” as used herein, refers to an aryl group, asdefined herein, attached to the parent molecular group through an oxygenatom.

[0863] The term “arylthio,” as used herein, refers to an aryl group, asdefined herein, attached to the parent molecular group through a sulfuratom.

[0864] The term “azido,” as used herein, refers to —N₃.

[0865] The term “benzyl,” as used herein, refers to —CH₂C₆H₅.

[0866] The term “benzyloxy,” as used herein, refers to a benzyl group,as defined herein, attached to the parent molecular group through anoxygen atom.

[0867] The term “benzylamino,” as used herein, refers to a amino group,as defined herein wherein one hydrogen atom is replaced by a benzylgroup, as defined herein.

[0868] The term “benzylthio,” as used herein, refers to an benzyl group,as defined herein, attached to the parent molecular group through asulfur atom.

[0869] The term “carboxaldehyde,” as used herein, refers to —CHO.

[0870] The term “cyano,” as used herein, refers to —CN.

[0871] The term “cycloalkyl,” as used herein, refers to saturatedcarbocyclic groups having three to seven carbons such as cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl.

[0872] The term “halo,” as used herein, refers to —F, —Cl, —Br, and —I.

[0873] The term “heteroaryl,” as used herein, refers to a cyclicaromatic group having five or six ring atoms wherein at least one ringatom is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, andnitrogen, and the remaining ring atoms are carbon. The nitrogen atomscan optionally be quaternized, and the sulfur atoms can optionally beoxidized. Heteroaryl groups of this invention include those derived fromfuran, imidazole, isothiazole, isoxazole, oxadiazole, oxazole,1,2,3-oxadiazole, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyridazine, pyridine, pyrimidine,pyrroline, quinoline, thiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, thiene, triazole, andtetrazole.

[0874] The term “heteroarylamino,” as used herein, refers to a aminogroup, as defined herein wherein one hydrogen atom is replaced by aheteroaryl group, as defined herein.

[0875] The term “heteroaryloxy,” as used herein, refers to a heteroarylgroup, as defined herein, attached to the parent molecular group throughan oxygen atom.

[0876] The term “heteroarylthio,” as used herein, refers to a heteroarylgroup, as defined herein, attached to the parent molecular group througha sulfur atom.

[0877] The term “heterocycloalkyl” as used herein, refers to anon-aromatic five-, six- or seven-membered ring or a bi- or tri-cyclicgroup comprising fused six-membered rings having between one and threeheteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogenwherein each 5-membered ring has zero to one double bonds and eachsix-membered ring has zero to 2 double bonds, the nitrogen and sulfurheteroatoms may optionally be oxidized, the nitrogen heteroatom mayoptionally be quaternized, and any of the above heterocyclic rings maybe fused to a benzene ring. Representative heterocycles include, but arenot limited to, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl,imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl,morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, and tetrahydrofuryl.

[0878] The term “hydroxy,” as used herein, refers to —OH.

[0879] The term “hydroxy protecting group”, as used herein, refers to aneasily removable group to which are known in the art to protect ahydroxyl group against undesirable reaction during synthetic proceduresand to be selectively removable. The use of hydroxy-protecting groups iswell known in the art for protecting groups against undesirablereactions during a synthetic procedure and many such protecting groupsare known, cf. for example, T. H. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, ProtectiveGroups in Organic Synthesis 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York(1991). Examples of hydroxy-protecting groups include, but are notlimited to, methylthiomethyl, tert-dimethylsilyl,tert-butyldiphenylsilyl, acyl substituted with an aromatic group and thelike.

[0880] The term “methoxymethoxy,” as used herein, refers to —OCH₂OCH₃.

[0881] The term “methoxyethoxy,” as used herein, refers to —OCH₂OCH₂CH₃.

[0882] The term “methylthiomethyl,” as used herein, refers to —CH₂SCH₃.

[0883] The term “oxo,” as used herein, refers to a group formed by thereplacement of two hydrogen atoms on the same carbon atom of an alkylgroup, as defined above, with a single oxygen atom and is exemplified bya carbonyl group.

[0884] A the term “protected hydroxy” refers to a hydroxy groupprotected with a hydroxy protecting group, as defined above, such asbenzoyl, acetyl, trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, methoxymethyl groups,for example.

[0885] The term “protogenic organic solvent,” as used herein, refers toa solvent that provides protons such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, and tert-butanol. Such solvents are well known tothose skilled in the art, and it will be obvious to those skilled in theart that individual solvents or mixtures thereof may be preferred forspecific compounds and reaction conditions, depending upon such factorsas the solubility of reagents, reactivity of reagents and preferredtemperature ranges, for example. Further discussions of protogenicsolvents may be found in organic chemistry textbooks or in specializedmonographs, for example: Organic Solvents Physical Properties andMethods of Purification, 4th ed., edited by John A. Riddick, et al.,Vol. II, in the Techniques of Chemistry Series, John Wiley & Sons, NY,1986.

[0886] The term “substituted aryl,” as used herein, refers to an arylgroup, as defined herein, substituted by independent replacement of one,two or three of the hydrogen atoms thereon with —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH,—NO₂, —CN, —C(O)-C₁-C₆-alkyl, —C(O)-aryl, —C(O)-heteroaryl, —CO₂-alkyl,—CO₂-aryl, —CO₂-heteroaryl, —CONH₂, —CONH-C₁-C₆-alkyl, —CONH-aryl,—CONH-heteroaryl, —OC(O)-C₁-C₆-alkyl, —OC(O)-aryl, —OC(O)-heteroaryl,—OCO₂-alkyl, —OCO₂-aryl, —OCO₂-heteroaryl, —OCONH₂, —OCONH-C₁-C₆-alkyl,—OCONH-aryl, —OCONH-heteroaryl, —NHC(O)-C₁-C₆-alkyl, —NHC(O)-aryl,—NHC(O)-heteroaryl, —NHCO₂-alkyl, —NHCO₂-aryl, —NHCO₂-heteroaryl,—NHCONH₂, —NHCONH-C₁-C₆-alkyl, —NHCONH-aryl, —NHCONH-heteroaryl,—SO₂-C₁-C₆-alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂NH₂,—SO₂NH-C₁-C₆-alkyl, —SO₂NH-aryl, —SO₂NH-heteroaryl, -C₁-C₆-alkyl,-C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —CHCl₂, —CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂NH₂,—CH₂SO₂CH₃, aryl, heteroaryl, benzyl, benzyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy,-C₁-C₆-alkoxy, methoxymethoxy, methoxyethoxy, amino, benzylamino,arylamino, heteroarylamino, -C₁-C₃-alkylamino, thio, arylthio,heteroarylthio, benzylthio, -C₁-C₆-alkylthio, or methylthiomethyl.

[0887] The term “substituted heteroaryl” as used herein refers to aheteroaryl group as defined herein substituted by independentreplacement of one, two or three of the hydrogen atoms thereon with —F,—Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)-C₁-C₆-alkyl, —C(O)-aryl,—C(O)-heteroaryl, —CO₂-alkyl, —CO₂-aryl, —CO₂-heteroaryl, —CONH₂,—CONH-C₁-C₆-alkyl, —CONH-aryl, —CONH-heteroaryl, —OC(O)-C₁-C₆-alkyl,—OC(O)-aryl, —OC(O)-heteroaryl, —OCO₂-alkyl, —OCO₂-aryl,—OCO₂-heteroaryl, —OCONH₂, —OCONH-C₁-C₆-alkyl, —OCONH-aryl,—OCONH-heteroaryl, —NHC(O)-C₁-C6-alkyl, —NHC(O)-aryl,—NHC(O)-heteroaryl, —NHCO₂-alkyl, —NHCO₂-aryl, —NHCO₂-heteroaryl,—NHCONH₂, —NHCONH-C₁-C₆-alkyl, —NHCONH-aryl, —NHCONH-heteroaryl,—SO₂-C₁-C₆-alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂NH₂,—SO₂NH-C₁-C₆-alkyl, —SO₂NH-aryl, —SO₂NH-heteroaryl, -C₁-C₆-alkyl,-C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —CHCl₂, —CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂NH₂,—CH₂SO₂CH₃, aryl, heteroaryl, benzyl, benzyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy,-C₁-C₆-alkoxy, methoxymethoxy, methoxyethoxy, amino, benzylamino,arylamino, heteroarylamino, -C₁-C3-alkylamino, thio, arylthio,heteroarylthio, benzylthio, -C₁-C₆-alkylthio, or methylthiomethyl.

[0888] The term “substituted heterocycloalkyl,” as used herein, refersto a heterocycloalkyl group, as defined above, substituted byindependent replacement of one, two or three of the hydrogen atomsthereon with —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)-C₁-C₆-alkyl,—C(O)-aryl, —C(O)-heteroaryl, —CO₂-alkyl, —CO₂-aryl, —CO₂-heteroaryl,—CONH₂, —CONH-C₁-C₆-alkyl, —CONH-aryl, —CONH-heteroaryl,—OC(O)-C₁-C₆-alkyl, —OC(O)-aryl, —OC(O)-heteroaryl, —OCO₂-alkyl,—OCO₂-aryl, —OCO₂-heteroaryl, —OCONH₂, —OCONH-C₁-C₆-alkyl, —OCONH-aryl,—OCONH-heteroaryl, —NHC(O)-C₁-C₆-alkyl, —NHC(O)-aryl,—NHC(O)-heteroaryl, —NHCO₂-alkyl, —NHCO₂-aryl, —NHCO₂-heteroaryl,—NHCONH₂, —NHCONH-C₁-C₆-alkyl, —NHCONH-aryl, —NHCONH-heteroaryl,—SO₂-C₁-C₆-alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂NH₂,—SO₂NH-C₁-C₆-alkyl, —SO2NH-aryl, —SO₂NH-heteroaryl, —C₁-C₆-alkyl,-C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —CHCl₂, —CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂NH₂,—CH₂SO₂CH₃, aryl, heteroaryl, benzyl, benzyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy,alkoxy, methoxymethoxy, methoxyethoxy, amino, benzylamino, arylamino,heteroarylamino, -C₁-C₃-alkylamino, thio, arylthio, heteroarylthio,benzylthio, alkylthio, or methylthiomethyl.

[0889] The term “thio,” as used herein, refers to —SH.

[0890] Numerous asymmetric centers may exist in the compounds of thepresent invention. Except where otherwise noted, the present inventioncontemplates the various stereoisomers and mixtures thereof.Accordingly, whenever a bond is represented by a wavy line or a straightline, it is intended that a mixture of stereo-orientations or anindividual isomer of unassigned orientation may be present.

[0891] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt,” as used herein,refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medicaljudgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans andlower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, and allergic responseand are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. Forexample, S. M. Berge, et al. describe pharmaceutically acceptable saltsin detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences 66: 1-19 (1977), incorporatedherein by reference. The salts can be prepared in situ during the finalisolation and purification of the compounds of the invention orseparately by reacting a free base group with a suitable organic acid.Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition saltsare salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such ashydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, andperchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid,maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, or malonic acidor by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange. Otherpharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate,aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate,camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate,digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate,glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate,hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate,lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate,methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate,oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate,phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate,tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, and valerate.Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium,lithium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Further pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium,quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such ashalide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, loweralkylsulfonate, and aryl sulfonate.

[0892] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable ester,” as used herein,refers to esters which hydrolyze in vivo and include those that breakdown readily in the human body to leave the parent compound or a saltthereof. Suitable ester groups include, for example, those derived frompharmaceutically acceptable aliphatic carboxylic acids, particularlyalkanoic, alkenoic, cycloalkanoic and alkanedioic acids, in which eachalkyl or alkenyl moiety advantageously has not more than six carbonatoms. Examples of particular esters includes formates, acetates,propionates, butyates, acrylates, and ethylsuccinates.

[0893] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprisea therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the presentinvention formulated together with one or more pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers. As used herein, the term “pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier” means a non-toxic, inert solid, semi-solid or liquidfiller, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of anytype. Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers are sugars such as lactose, glucose and sucrose;starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and itsderivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose andcellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipientssuch as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil,cottonseed oil; safflower oil; sesame oil; olive oil; corn oil andsoybean oil; glycols; such a propylene glycol; esters such as ethyloleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents such as magnesiumhydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water;isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol, and phosphate buffersolutions, as well as other non-toxic compatible lubricants such assodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloringagents, releasing agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring andperfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present inthe composition, according to the judgment of the formulator. Thepharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be administered tohumans and other animals orally, rectally, parenterally,intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as bypowders, ointments, or drops), bucally, or as an oral or nasal spray.

[0894] Liquid dosage forms for oral administration includepharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions,suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds,the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in theart such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agentsand emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethylcarbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propyleneglycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular,cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils),glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fattyacid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents,the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents,emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfumingagents.

[0895] Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueousor oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known artusing suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. Thesterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectablesolution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptablediluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Amongthe acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water,Ringer's solution, U.S.P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution. Inaddition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solventor suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can beemployed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fattyacids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.

[0896] The injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, byfiltration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporatingsterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which canbe dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectablemedium prior to use.

[0897] In order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is often desirableto slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscularinjection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension ofcrystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rateof absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolutionwhich, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form.Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drugform is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oilvehicle. Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsulematrices of the drug in biodegradable polymers such aspolylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymerand the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drugrelease can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymersinclude poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectableformulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes ormicroemulsions which are compatible with body tissues.

[0898] Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferablysuppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of thisinvention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such ascocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solidat ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore meltin the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

[0899] Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules,tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, theactive compound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalciumphosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose,sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, forexample, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin,polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such asglycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate,potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodiumcarbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorptionaccelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agentssuch as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h)absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such astalc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols,sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules,tablets and pills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents.

[0900] Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed asfillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipientsas lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethyleneglycols and the like.

[0901] The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, andgranules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as entericcoatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulatingart. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of acomposition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, orpreferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally,in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can beused include polymeric substances and waxes.

[0902] Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed asfillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipientsas lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polethyleneglycols and the like.

[0903] The active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form withone or more excipients as noted above. The solid dosage forms oftablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared withcoatings and shells such as enteric coatings, release controllingcoatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulatingart. In such solid dosage forms the active compound may be admixed withat least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose or starch. Suchdosage forms may also comprise, as is normal practice, additionalsubstances other than inert diluents, e.g., tableting lubricants andother tableting aids such a magnesium stearate and microcrystallinecellulose. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage formsmay also comprise buffering agents. They may optionally containopacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release theactive ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of theintestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embeddingcompositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.

[0904] Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of acompound of this invention include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions,gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches. The activecomponent is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may berequired. Ophthalmic formulation, ear drops, eye ointments, powders andsolutions are also contemplated as being within the scope of thisinvention.

[0905] The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in additionto an active compound of this invention, excipients such as animal andvegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulosederivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid,talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.

[0906] Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to the compounds ofthis invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminumhydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of thesesubstances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants suchas chlorofluorohydrocarbons.

[0907] Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providingcontrolled delivery of a compound to the body. Such dosage forms can bemade by dissolving or dispensing the compound in the proper medium.Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of thecompound across the skin. The rate can be controlled by either providinga rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compound in a polymermatrix or gel.

[0908] According to the methods of treatment of the present invention,bacterial infections are treated or prevented in a patient such as ahuman or lower mammal by administering to the patient a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a compound of the invention, in such amounts and forsuch time as is necessary to achieve the desired result. By a“therapeutically effective amount” of a compound of the invention ismeant a sufficient amount of the compound to treat bacterial infections,at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment.It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of thecompounds and compositions of the present invention will be decided bythe attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. Thespecific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular patientwill depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder beingtreated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specificcompound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, bodyweight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time ofadministration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of thespecific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used incombination or coincidental with the specific compound employed; andlike factors well known in the medical arts.

[0909] The total daily dose of the compounds of this inventionadministered to a human or other mammal in single or in divided dosescan be in amounts, for example, from 0.01 to 50 mg/kg body weight ormore usually from 0.1 to 25 mg/kg body weight. Single dose compositionsmay contain such amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the dailydose. In general, treatment regimens according to the present inventioncomprise administration to a patient in need of such treatment fromabout 10 mg to about 1000 mg of the compound(s) of this invention perday in single or multiple doses.

[0910] Preferred compounds of the invention include

[0911] Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂CH═CH—(phenyl),

[0912] Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —N(W(R^(g)))-, W is —(CH₂)_(p)-, p is 4, R^(g) isphenyl, R is —OH,

[0913] Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is —CH₂CH═CH—(3-quinolinyl),R^(b) is H, Y and Z together are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂CH═CH₂,

[0914] Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is —CH₂CH═CH—(3-quinolinyl),R^(b) is H, Y and Z together are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂CO₂C₂H₅,

[0915] Compound of formula (III): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, A is —CH₂OH, B,D, and E are H, R is—CH₂-(4-chlorophenyl),

[0916] Compound of formula (I): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is —C(O)C₆H₅, Y andZ together are O, R is —OH,

[0917] Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is —CH₂CH═CH—(3-quinolinyl),R^(b) is H, Y and Z together are O, T is —NH—, R is —OH,

[0918] Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is —CH₂C≡—CH, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is—CH₂CH═CH—(phenyl),

[0919] Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —N(W(R^(g)))-, W is —(CH₂)_(p)-, p is 4, R^(g) isphenyl, R is —SO₂CH₃,

[0920] Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —N(W(R^(g)))-, W is —(CH₂)_(p)-, p is 2, R^(g) isamino, R is —SO₂CH₃,

[0921] Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂CH═CH₂,

[0922] Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂CH₃,

[0923] Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂CO₂CH₃,

[0924] Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂CH₂CO₂CH₃,

[0925] Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂C(O) (phenyl),

[0926] Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is benzyl,

[0927] Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂-(4-tert-butyl-phenyl),

[0928] Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is -1,1′-bipheny-2-ylmethyl,

[0929] Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂-(3-chlorophenyl),

[0930] Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂CH₂CH═CH-(phenyl),

[0931] Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂-(3-naphthyl),

[0932] Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂-(9-anthracenyl),

[0933] and

[0934] Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂-(4-fluorophenyl).

[0935] Determination of Biological Activity

[0936] In Vitro Assay of Antibacterial Activity

[0937] Representative compounds of the present invention were assayed invitro for antibacterial activity as follows: Twelve petri dishescontaining successive aqueous dilutions of the test compound mixed with10 mL of sterilized Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) agar (Difco 0418-01-5)were prepared. Each plate was inoculated with 1:100 (or 1:10 forslow-growing strains, such as Micrococcus and Streptococcus) dilutionsof up to 32 different microorganisms, using a Steers replicator block.The inoculated plates were incubated at 35-37° C. for 20 to 24 hours. Inaddition, a control plate, using BHI agar containing no test compound,was prepared and incubated at the beginning and end of each test.

[0938] An additional plate containing a compound having knownsusceptibility patterns for the organisms being tested and belonging tothe same antibiotic class as the test compound was also prepared andincubated as a further control, as well as to provide test-to-testcomparability. Erythromycin A was used for this purpose.

[0939] After incubation, each plate was visually inspected. The minimuminhibitory concentration (MIC) was defined as the lowest concentrationof drug yielding no growth, a slight haze, or sparsely isolated colonieson the inoculum spot as compared to the growth control. The results ofthis assay, shown below in Table 1, demonstrate the antibacterialactivity of the compounds of the invention. Microorganism CodeStaphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P AA Staphylococcus aureus A-5177 BBStaphylococcus aureus A-5278 CC Staphylococcus aureus CMX 642A DDStaphylococcus aureus NCTC 10649M EE Staphylococcus aureus CMX 553 FFStaphylococcus aureus 1775 GG Staphylococcus epidermidis 3519 HHEnterococcus faecium ATCC X043 II Streptococcus bovis A-5169 JJStreptococcus agalactiae CMX 508 KK Streptococcus pyogenes EES61 LLStreptococcus pyogenes 930 MM Streptococcus pyogenes PIU 2548 NNMicrococcus luteus ATCC 9341 OO Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698 PPEscherichia coli JUHL QQ Escherichia coli SS RR Escherichia coli DC-2 SSCandida albicans CCH 442 TT Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 114 UU NocardiaAsteroides ATCC 99700 VV Haemophilis Influenzae DILL AMP R WWStreptococcus Pneumonia ATCC 6303 XX Streptococcus Pneumonia GYR 1171 YYStreptococcus Pneumonia 5979 ZZ Streptococcus Pneumonia 5649 ZA

[0940] TABLE 1 Antibacterial Activity (MIC's) of Selected Compounds Ery.A Example Example Example Example Example Example Example standard 1 2 34 8 9 10 AA 0.2 25 1.56 >100 0.78 0.39 3.1 1.56 BB 3.1 25 1.56 >100 0.390.39 3.1 1.56 CC >100 100 100 >100 >100 >100 >100 25 DD 0.39 25 3.1 >1000.78 0.39 3.1 1.56 EE 0.39 50 1.56 >100 0.78 0.78 12.5 1.56 FF 0.39 501.56 >100 0.39 0.78 3.1 1.56 GG >100 100 100 >100 >100 >100 100 25 HH0.39 50 3.1 >100 0.39 0.39 6.2 1.56 II 0.05 25 0.39 100 0.2 0.2 3.1 0.39JJ 0.02 12.5 0.2 50 0.05 0.02 0.78 0.2 KK 0.05 12.5 0.2 50 0.2 0.01 1.560.2 LL 0.05 12.5 0.1 100 0.1 0.02 1.56 0.2 MM >100 50 25 >100 12.5 50 506.2 NN 6.2 12.5 0.39 >100 0.78 0.39 3.1 1.56 OO 0.05 3.1 0.39 50 0.10.02 1.56 0.39 PP 0.2 6.2 0.78 >100 0.78 0.2 3.1 0.39QQ >100 >100 >100 >100 >100 >100 >100 >100 RR 0.78 50 6.2 100 3.1 0.26.2 3.1 SS >100 >100 >100 >100 >100 >100 >100 >100 TT >100 100100 >100 >100 >100 >100 25 UU 3.1 25 3.1 >100 3.1 3.1 12.5 1.56 VV 0.125 3.1 >100 0.1 0.39 1.56 1.56 WW 4 >128 64 >128 16 16 >64 16 XX 0.06 80.5 64 0.25 0.03 1 — YY 0.06 4 0.25 32 0.25 0.03 1 — ZZ >128 64 32 >12864 128 64 — ZZA 16 16 1 >128 2 0.5 8 —

[0941] Synthetic Methods

[0942] The compounds and processes of the present invention will bebetter understood in connection with the following synthetic schemeswhich illustrate the methods by which the compounds of the invention maybe prepared. The groups R, R^(a), R^(b), A, B, D, E, T, Y, and Z are asdefined above unless otherwise noted below.

[0943] Abbreviations

[0944] Abbreviations which have been used in the descriptions of thescheme and the examples that follow are: Ac for acetate; Bz for benzoyl;DBU for 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene; DMF forN,N-dimethylformamide; DMSO for dimethylsulfoxide; NMO forN-methylmorpholine-N-oxide; THF for tetrahydrofuran; TMS fortrimethylsilyl; TBAC for tetrabutylamminium chloride; 18-crown-6 for1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane;DME for dimethoxyethane; HMPA forhexamethylphosphoramide; NIS for N-iodosuccinimide; NIA forN-iodoacetamide; TFA for trifluoroacetic acid; m-CPBA formeta-chloroperbenzoic acid; DPPA for diphenylphosphoryl azide, Ts forpara-toluene sulfonyl; DEAD for diethylazodicarboxylate; and TRIS fortris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethylmethane.

[0945] Clarithromycin(3-O-cladinosyl-5-O-desosaminyl-6-O-methyl-erythronolide A) was obtainedfrom Abbott Laboratories. All other starting materials, reagents, andsolvents were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee, Wis.).

[0946] Synthetic Methods

[0947] The compounds and processes of the present invention will bebetter understood in connection with the following synthetic schemes,which illustrate the methods by which the compounds of the invention maybe prepared. The compounds of formulas (I), (II), and (III) can beprepared by a variety of synthetic routes. Representative procedures areshown in Schemes 1-13. Precursors Ia, Ia, and IIIa, can be converted tocompounds of formulas (I), (II), and (III), respectively, by (a)reaction with electrophiles in the presence of base, (b) oxidation, or(c) iodination followed by hydrolysis. Schemes 1-6 and 9-11 illustratethe synthesis of precursors Ia, Ia, and IIIa of the compounds of formulaI, II, and III, respectively. Schemes 7 and 8 illustrate the synthesisof diamines and beta amino alcohols which can be used for the synthesisof IIIa. Scheme 12 illustrates the conversion of precursors Ia, Ia, andIIa to the compounds of the invention. Scheme 13 illustrates the sidereactions which can take place during the conversion of precursors Ia,IIa, and IIIa, respectively, to compounds of the invention. In eachscheme, the groups R, R^(a), R^(b), A, B, D, E, T, Y, and Z are asdefined above unless otherwise noted. It will be readily apparent to oneof ordinary skill in the art that other compounds within formulas(I)-(III) can be synthesized by substitution of the appropriatereactants and agents in the syntheses shown below. It will also beapparent to one skilled in the art that the selective protection anddeprotection steps, as well as order of the steps themselves, can becarried out in varying order, depending on the nature of groups R,R^(a), R^(b), A, B, D, E, T, Y, and Z to successfully complete thesyntheses of compounds of formulas (I), (II), and (III).

[0948] The conversion of erythromycin A to 1 is described in UnitedStates patents U.S. Pat. No. 4,990,602; U.S. Pat. No. 4,331,803, U.S.Pat. No. 4,680,368, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,670,549 and European PatentApplication EP 260,938, each of which are hereby incorporated byreference. Briefly, the C-9-carbonyl of erythromycin A can be protectedas an oxime. Preferred protecting groups at the C-9-carbonyl are ═N—O-Ror ═N—O—C(R⁷) (R⁸) (—O—R¹) wherein R¹ is (a) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, (b)-C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with aryl, (c) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted withsubstituted aryl, (d) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl, (e)-C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl, (f)C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, (g) —Si(R²) (R³) (R⁴) wherein R², R³ and R⁴ are eachindependently -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl or aryl, and (h) —(CH₂) NR⁵R⁶ wherein n istwo to six, and R⁵ and R⁶ are independently (i) hydrogen, (ii)-C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, (iii) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with aryl, (iv)-C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted aryl, (v) -C₁-C₁₂-alkylsubstituted with heteroaryl, or (vi) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted withsubstituted heteroaryl, or R⁵ and R⁶ taken together with the atom towhich they are attached are -C₃-C₁₂-heterocycloalkyl, and wherein R⁷ andR⁸ are independently (a) hydrogen, (b) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, (c) -C₁-C₁₂-alkylsubstituted with aryl, (d) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substitutedaryl, (e) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl or (f) -C₁-C₁₂-alkylsubstituted with substituted heteroaryl, or R⁷ and R⁸ taken togetherwith the carbon to which they are attached are -C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl. Apreferred carbonyl protecting group is O-(1-isopropoxy-cyclohexyl)oxime.

[0949] The 2′- and 4″-hydroxy groups of the C-9 protected erythromycin Acan be treated with a hydroxy protecting group precursor in an aproticsolvent. Hydroxy protecting group precursors include, acetic anhydride,benzoic anhydride, benzyl chloroformate, hexamethyldisilazane, or atrialkylsilyl halide. Examples of aprotic solvents are dichloromethane,chloroform, THF, N-methyl pyrrolidinone, DMSO, diethylsulfoxide, DMFN,N-dimethylacetamide, hexamethylphosphoric triamide, mixtures thereof,and mixtures of one of these solvents with ether, tetrahydrofuran,1,2-dimethoxyethane, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, or acetone. Aproticsolvents do not adversely affect the reaction and are preferablydichloromethane, chloroform, DMF, tetrahydrofuran (THF), N-methylpyrrolidinone, or mixtures thereof. Protection of the 2′- and 4″-hydroxygroups of the C-9 protected erythromycin A may be accomplishedsequentially or simultaneously. Preferred protecting groups includeacetyl, benzoyl, and trimethylsilyl. An especially preferred protectinggroup is trimethylsilyl. A thorough discussion of protecting groups andthe solvents in which they are most effective is provided in T. W.Greene and P. G. M. Wuts in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2nded., John Wiley & Son, Inc., 1991, hereby incorporated by reference.

[0950] As shown in Scheme 1, conversion of 1 to 2 can be accomplishedwith an alkylating agent in the presence of base. Alkylating agentsinclude alkyl chlorides, bromides, iodides or alkyl sulfonates. Specificexamples of other alkylating agents are allyl bromide, propargylbromide, benzyl bromide, 2-fluoroethyl bromide, 4-nitrobenzyl bromide,4-chlorobenzyl bromide, 4-methoxybenzyl bromide, a-bromo-p-tolunitrile,cinnamyl bromide, methyl 4-bromocrotonate, crotyl bromide,1-bromo-2-pentene, 3-bromo-1-propenyl phenyl sulfone,3-bromo-1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne, 3-bromo-2-octyne, 1-bromo-2-butyne,2-picolyl chloride, 3-picolyl chloride, 4-picolyl chloride,4-bromomethyl quinoline, bromoacetonitrile, epichlorohydrin,bromofluoromethane, bromonitromethane, methyl bromoacetate,methoxymethyl chloride, bromoacetamide, 2-bromoacetophenone,1-bromo-2-butanone, bromochloromethane, bromomethyl phenyl sulfone, and1,3-dibromo-1-propene. Examples of alkyl sulfonates are allyl tosylate,3-phenylpropyl trifluoromethane sulfonate, and n-butylmethanesulfonate.Examples of the solvents used are aprotic solvents such as DMSO,diethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide,N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, hexamethylphosphoric triamide, mixtures thereofor mixtures of one of these solvents with ether, tetrahydrofuran,1,2-dimethoxyethane, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, or acetone. Examplesof the base which can be used are potassium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide,tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, sodium hydride, potassium hydride, andalkali metal alkoxides such as potassium isopropoxide, potassiumtert-butoxide, and potassium iso-butoxide. An especially preferredmethod of preparing 2 is treatment of 1 with propargyl bromide in aDMSO/THF mixture with potassium hydroxide as the base. The conversion of2 to 3 can be accomplished as described in Greene (op. cit.). Thepreferred conditions for the deprotection of the 2′- and 4″-hydroxylgroups (acetic acid in acetonitrile and water) can result in concomitantremoval of the 1-isopropoxycyclohexyl group provide an unalkylated oxime(═N—OH) at C-9. If not, then the conversion can be accomplished in aseparate step. The deoximation of 3 to provide 4 can be accomplished asdescribed in Greene (op. cit.). Examples of deoximating agents arenitrous acid (formed in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite withacids such as HCl, H₂SO₄, or TFA) and inorganic sulfur oxide compoundssuch as sodium hydrogen sulfite, sodium pyrosulfate, sodium thiosulfate,sodium sulfate, sodium sulfate, sodium hydrosulfite, sodiummetabisulfite, sodium dithionate, potassium thiosulfate, and potassiummetabisulfite in an protic solvent. Examples of protic solvents arewater, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, trimethylsilanol, andmixtures thereof. The deoximation reaction can also be accomplished withan organic acid such as formic acid, acetic acid or TFA. The amount ofacid used is from about 1 to about 10 equivalents per equivalent of 3.In a preferred embodiment, the deoximation is carried out using sodiumnitrite and an inorganic acid such as HCl in ethanol and water toprovide the desired 6-O-substituted erythromycin 4 wherein R^(a) isallyl or propargyl.

[0951] As shown in Scheme 2, conversion of 4 to 5 can be accomplished bythe 2′- and 4″-hydroxy group protection procedures described previously.Conversion of 5 to 6 can be accomplished with an excess of an alkalimetal hydride or bis(trimethylsilyl)amide in the presence ofcarbonyldiimidazole in an aprotic solvent for about 8 to about 24 hoursat temperatures of about −30° C. to about room temperature to provide 6.The alkali metal can be sodium, potassium, or lithium and the aproticsolvent can be one of those defined previously. The reaction can requirecooling or heating from about −20° C. to about 70° C., depending on theconditions used, and preferably from about 0° C. to about roomtemperature. The reaction requires about 0.5 hours to about 10 days, andpreferably about 10 hours to 2 days, to complete. Portions of thisreaction sequence follow the procedure described by Baker et al., J.Org. Chem., 1988, 53, 2340, incorporated herein by reference. Conversionof 6 to cyclic carbamate 7 (T is —NH—), a precursor of IIa, wasaccomplished by treatment of 6 with liquid ammonia at room temperaturefor 20 hours. Alternatively, 6 can be treated with amines of formulaH₂N—W—R^(g) such as hydrazines, oximes, and substituted alkylamines toprovide precursors of IIa such as 7a, wherein T is —N(WR^(g))-.

[0952] As shown in Scheme 3, 7 can be converted to 8 by hydrolysis ofthe former with mild aqueous acid or by enzymatic hydrolysis to removethe cladinose moiety from the 3-hydroxy group. Representative acidsinclude dilute hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, perchloric acid,chloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, or TFA. Suitable solvents forthe reaction include methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, acetone,and mixtures thereof. Reaction times are typically about 0.5 to about 24hours. The preferred reaction temperature is about −10° C. to about 60°C., depending on the method chosen. Alternately, 5 can be treated withacid to remove the protected cladinose group from the 3-hydroxy group asdescribed for the conversion of 7 to 8 and treated with base andcarbonyldiimidazole then ammonia as described for the conversion of 5 to6 and the conversion of 6 to 7, respectively, to provide 8. Theconversion of 8 to IIa can be accomplished by oxidation of the 3-hydroxygroup to a 3-oxo group using a Corey-Kim reaction withN-chlorosuccinimide-dimethyl sulfide or with a modified Swern oxidationprocedure using a carbodiimide-DMSO complex. In a preferred method, 8 isadded to a preformed N-chlorosuccinimide-dimethyl sulfide complex in achlorinated solvent such as dichloromethane or chloroform at about −10to about 25° C. After stirring for about 0.5 to about 4 hours, atertiary amine such as triethylamine or diisopropylethylamine is addedto produce IIa, a precursor to compounds of formula (II).

[0953] As shown in Scheme 4, 4 (from Scheme 2) can alternatively be (a)treated with acid to remove the cladinose group from the 3-hydroxy group(as described for the conversion of 7 to 8) to provide 11a, (b)protected (as described for the conversion of 4 to 5), to provide 11b,(c) oxidized (as described for the conversion of 8 to 92) to provide Ia,and (d) treated with sodium hydride and carbonyldiimidazole (asdescribed for the conversion of 5 to 6) to provide 13. Alternatively, Iacan be transformed directly to compounds of formula (I) as described inScheme 9 or transformed to IIa wherein T is —O— by treatment withreagents such as diethylcarbonate or phosgene.

[0954] As shown in Scheme 5, IIIa, a precursor to compounds of formula(III), was prepared by treatment of 13 with a diamine compound havingsubstituents A, B, D and E as defined above in a suitable solvent, suchas for example, aqueous acetonitrile, DMF or aqueous DMF, to providebicyclic 14 which further cyclized by intramolecular condensation withthe nearby C-9 carbonyl to form IIIa. The diamino compound can becommercially available available or prepared by means well known in theart (see Scheme 7). Preferred conditions for the formation of IIIa from14 are dilute acetic acid or hydrochloric acid in a suitable organicsolvent such as methanol, ethanol, or iso-propanol.

[0955] Scheme 6 illustrates an alternative preparation of IIIa.Intermediate 13 from Scheme 4 can be reacted with a beta-amino alcoholhaving substituents A, B, D, and E, as defined above, in a suitablesolvent system such as aqueous acetonitrile, DMF or aqueous DMF at fromabout 0° C. to about 70° C. to provide 14a. The beta amino alcohol canbe commercially available or prepared by means well known in the artsuch as from an amino acid (see Scheme 8). Conversion of 14a to 14b canbe achieved with Mitsunobu conditions such as triphenylphosphine, DPPA,and DEAD in tetrahydrofuran. 14b can then be converted to intermediate14 by treatment of the former with a mild reducing agent such astriphenylphosphine in water, hydrogen with a catalyst, sodiumborohydride, or dialkylaluminum hydride. 14 can then be cyclized bytreatment with dilute acid, such as acetic acid or HCl, for example, ina suitable organic solvent, such as methanol, ethanol or propanol, forexample, for a period of from 4 hours to 10 days, in order to prepareIIIa. Alternatively, the hydroxy group of 14a can be activated bytreatment with a sulfonyl chloride, alkyl or aryl sulfonic anhydride ortrifluoromethanesufonic anhydride in an aprotic solvent such as diethylether, dichloromethane, THF, chloroform, pyridine, or mixtures thereof.The reaction requires cooling or heating, depending on the conditionsused. The reaction temperature is preferably about −100° C. to about 10°C. The reaction may require 20 minutes to 24 hours to complete. Theactivated hydroxy group 14a can then be converted to the amine group of14b by reacting the former with lithium azide or sodium azide in diethylether, dichloromethane, THF, chloroform, pyridine, or mixtures thereof.The reaction temperature is preferably about 0° C. to about 100° C. Theazido compound can then be converted to IIIa according to the proceduresdescribed above.

[0956] The diamines used for the synthesis of IIIa, described in Scheme5, can be purchased or prepared by means well known in the art. Forexample, as shown in Scheme 7, ring 20 can be protected as benzyl ether22 by treatment of the former with a benzyl halide such as benzylchloride (J is Cl) or benzyl bromide (J is Br). These compounds can havesubstituents at positions A, B, D or E in accordance with the desireddisposition of substituents on 20 and the chirality of the startingmaterial. Intermediate 20 (h is 1) is available commercially as a purechiral compound. Intermediate 20 (h is 2) can be prepared as a purechiral compound by the method of Saito, et al., Tetrahedron, 48:4067(1992). Intermediate 22 can be hydrolyzed at room temperature in 2/1(v/v) THF-10% HCl for about one to about four hours to provide 23, whichcan be treated with a sulfonating agent such as methane sulfonylchloride or para-toluene sulfonyl chloride to is provide 24, wherein Yis a substituted sulfonyl group. Intermediate 24 can then be treatedwith sodium azide or potassium azide to provide 25. Alternately, theazido compound 25 can be prepared by Mitsunobu reaction of 24 withtriphenylphosphine and DPPA-DEAD in tetrahydrofuran. Intermediate 25 canthen be reduced to 26 with reducing reagents such astriphenylphosphine-water, hydrogen with a catalyst, sodium borohydride,or dialkylaluminum hydride. Once the diamine has been introduced to 13(as shown in Scheme 5) to provide IIIa, the benzyl group can be removedby catalytic hydrogenation, and the resulting alcohol can be elaboratedto -M-R¹¹ by means well known in the art. Alternatively, deprotection ofthe alcohol and conversion of the alcohol to -M-R¹¹ can be performedbefore attachment of the diamine to 13.

[0957] The beta amino alcohols described in Scheme 8 can be purchased orprepared by means well known in the art. A preferred means for thepreparation of beta amino alcohols uses amino acids. For example, asshown in Scheme 8, 27 (PG is a nitrogen protecting group, preferably Bocor Cbz) can be prepared from Boc-O-benzyl serine by reduction of thecarboxylic acid and treatment of the product with 2-methoxy-1-propeneand mild acid, preferably pyridinium para-toluene sulfonate to form theacetonide. Debenzylation of 27 to provide 28 can be achieved with apalladium catalyst, preferably palladium on carbon. Alcohol 28 can thenbe elaborated to -M-R¹. Once the desired transformations have beenaccomplished, the acetonide can be renoved by treatment with acid,preferably dilute HCl, and used to prepare compounds of IIIa asdescribed in Scheme 6.

[0958] Intermediates wherein R^(a) is propargyl can be converted toadditional intermediates by a number of general routes. A preferredgeneral route is shown in Scheme 9. The 6-O propargyl group can bereacted with groups such as X-Ar wherein Ar is an unsubstituted or asubstituted aryl group or heteroaryl group, respectively, and X is oneof any number of covalent bond precursors such as halides (preferablybromide and iodide) and sulfonates, to form additional intermediates.The coupling reactions are performed in the presence of Pd(II) or Pd(O)catalysts with promoters such as phosphines (preferablytriphenylphosphine), arsines (preferably triphenylarsine), amines(preferably pyridine and triethylamine), and inorganic bases (preferablypotassium carbonate or cesium fluoride) in polar, aprotic solvents suchas DMF, DMSO, DME, acetonitrile THF, or mixtures thereof at temperaturesfrom about room temperature to about 150° C., depending on the couplingmethod chosen and the nature of X. A thorough survey of couplingprocedures, reagents, and solvents for transition metal-catalyzedcouplings is provided in Larock, “Comprehensive Organic Transformations.A Guide to Functional Group Preparations,” VCH Publishers, New York(1989), and references therein, and is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0959] As shown in Scheme 10, propargyl groups can be derivatized withborane-THF in aprotic solvents at temperatures from about −20° C. toabout room temperature to provide vinyl boronic acid derivatives. Thevinyl boronic acid can then be reacted under Suzuki conditions with X-Arreagents, catalysts, and promoters described in Scheme 7 to provideadditional precursors of compounds of formula (I), (II), and (III). Athorough discussion of Suzuki conditions is provided in ChemicalReviews, 1995, Vol 95, No.7, 2457-2483, incorporated herein byreference.

[0960] As shown in Scheme 11, compounds wherein R^(a) is allyl can becoupled to X-Ar reagents under Heck conditions. The synthesis of6-O-allyl derivatives is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,866,549, Example 1steps IIa-g and Example 102, steps 120a-c, incorporated herein byreference. A thorough discussion of Heck conditions is provided in U.S.Pat. No. 5,866,549, incorporated herein by reference.

[0961] Scheme 12 shows the preparation of compounds of formulas (I),(II), and (III) from the immediate precursors Ia, IIa, and IIIa,respectively. Conversion of compounds of formulas Ia, IIa, and IIIa tocompounds of formulas (I), (II), and (III), can be accomplished with (a)electrophiles in the presence of base (b) oxidation, or (c) iodinationfollowed by hydrolysis.

[0962] Electrophiles include alkyl chlorides, bromides, iodides,sulfonates, and sulfonic anhydrides. Specific examples of alkylatingagents are allyl bromide, propargyl bromide, benzyl bromide,2-fluoroethyl bromide, 4-nitrobenzyl bromide, 4-chlorobenzyl bromide,4-methoxybenzyl bromide, a-bromo-p-tolunitrile, cinnamyl bromide, methyl4-bromocrotonate, crotyl bromide, 1-bromo-2-pentene, 3-bromo-1-propenylphenyl sulfone, 3-bromo-1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne, 3-bromo-2-octyne,1-bromo-2-butyne, 2-picolyl chloride, 3-picolyl chloride, 4-picolylchloride, 4-bromomethyl quinoline, bromoacetonitrile, epichlorohydrin,bromofluoromethane, bromonitromethane, methyl bromoacetate,methoxymethyl chloride, bromoacetamide, 2-bromoacetophenone,1-bromo-2-butanone, bromochloromethane, bromomethyl phenyl sulfone, and1,3-dibromo-1-propene. Examples of alkyl sulfonates are allyl tosylate,3-phenylpropyl trifluoromethane sulfonate, and n-butylmethanesulfonate.Examples of sulfonic anhydrides are methyl and ethyl sulfonic anhydride.Examples of electrophilic nitrogen reagents include ClNH₂,(C₆H₅)₂P(O)NH₂, Br₂/NaN₃, and TsN₃.

[0963] Examples of bases which can be used for electrophilic additionare sodium hydride, potassium hydride, potassium carbonate, alkali metalalkoxides such as potassium iso-propoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, andpotassium iso-butoxide, lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, sodiumbis(trimethylsilyl)amide, potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, andlithium diisopropylamide.

[0964] Examples of oxidizing agents include include OSO₄, and NMO, RuO₄,and m-CPBA. Examples of the solvents used for the electrophilicadditions or oxidations are aprotic solvents such as DMSO, THF, DME,diethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide,N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, HMPA, or mixtures thereof.

[0965] Examples of iodinating agents are NIS and water, NIA and water,and iodine and water. Examples of the solvents used for theelectrophilic additions or oxidations are aprotic solvents such as DMSO,THF, DME, diethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide,N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, HMPA, or mixturesthereof.

[0966] Examples of the solvents used for the electrophilic additions oroxidations, or iodination/hydrolysis are aprotic solvents such as DMSO,THF, DME, diethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide,N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, HMPA, or mixturesthereof.

[0967] As shown in Scheme 13, treatment of Ia, IIa, or IIIa with NIS andhydrolysis can result in concomitant desmethylation of the2′-dimethylamino group. Reintroduction of the methyl group can beaccomplished by any number of means well known in the art. A preferredmethod is sequential treatment of the product with formaldehyde and areducing agent such as sodium borohydride or sodium cyanoborohydride.

[0968] The compounds and processes of the present invention will bebetter understood in connection with the following examples, which areintended as an illustration of and not a limitation upon the scope ofthe invention.

EXAMPLE 1 Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂CH═CH-(phenyl)

[0969] Step 1a:

[0970] A suspension of clarithromycin (900 g, 1.2 mole) in water (10.8L) and ethanol (4.0 L), was stirred at room temperature untilhomogeneous (about 20 minutes), treated with 1M HCl (2.16 L) over 15minutes, stirred for 20 hours, treated with 2.00M NaOH (1.20 L) over 30minutes until pH 10.5-11.0, stirred for 2 hours, and filtered. Theprecipitate was collected, washed with cold water, and dried undervacuum at 50° C. to provide 601 g of the title compound.

[0971] MS m/z 590 (M+H)⁺.

[0972] Step 1b:

[0973] The product from Step 1a (600 g, 1.01 mol) in dichloromethane(2.0 L) was treated sequentially with 90% technical grade benzoicanhydride (380 g, 1.59 mol) and triethylamine (222 mL, 1.59 mol) over 10minutes, stirred for 48 hours, treated with saturated sodium bicarbonatesolution (1.5 L), and stirred for 30 minutes. The layers were separated,and the organic layer was washed sequentially with water (3×600 mL) andbrine (600 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄) and filtered, and concentrated. Theresulting syrup was triturated with a warm solution of hexane (2.0 L)and ethyl acetate (100 mL) to provide white crystals. The product wasfiltered, washed with hexane and dried in a vacuum oven for is hours atambient temperature to provide 691 g of the desired product.

[0974] MS m/z 694 (M+H)⁺.

[0975] Step 1c:

[0976] A slurry of N-chlorosuccinimide (57.0 g, 0.42 mol) in anhydrousdichloromethane (600 mL) at 0° C. was treated dropwise over 30 minuteswith dimethyl sulfide (36.0 mL, 0.49 mol) and dropwise over 45 minuteswith the compound from Step 1b (200.0 g, 0.29 mol) in dichloromethane(1.20 L), stirred for 30 minutes, treated dropwise with a solution oftriethylamine (40.0 mL) in dichloromethane (200 mL) over 30 minutes,washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, (3×600 mL) and brine (600 mL),dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated to provide a thick syrup,which solidified on standing. The solid was crushed and dried ofor 18hours at ambient temperature in a vacuum oven to provide 196 g of thedesired product.

[0977] MS m/z 692 (M+H)⁺.

[0978] Step 1d:

[0979] A solution of the product from from Step 1c (20.00 g, 28.9 mmol)in pyridine (40 mL) at 0° was treated with methanesulfonic anhydride(14.6 g, 83.81 mmol), stirred at room temperature for 17 hours, andconcentrated. The concentrate was dissolved in ethyl acetate (400 mL),washed sequentially with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, water, and brine,dried (MgSO₄), decolorized with charcoal, filtered through diatomaceousearth, and concentrated to provide 24.46 g the crude product which wasused in the next step without further purification.

[0980] Step 1e:

[0981] A solution of the product from Step 1d in acetone (70 mL) at roomtemperature was treated with DBU (5.22 mL, 34.9 mmol), stirred for 22hours, and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate,(250 mL), washed sequentially with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (2×100 mL),water, and brine, dried (MgSO₄), decolorized with charcoal, filteredthrough diatomaceous earth, and concentrated. The concentrate waspurified by flash chromatography on silica gel with 40% ethylacetate/hexanes containing 0.25 % concentrated ammonium hydroxide toprovide the desired product.

[0982] MS m/z 674 (M+H)⁺.

[0983] Step 1f:

[0984] Dry NaH (1.05 g, 26.3 mmol) was mixed with THF (90 mL), cooled to0° C., treated with the product from Step 1e (8.40 g, 12.5 mmol) overone minute, stirred for 15 minutes, treated over 15 minutes with asolution of 1.1′-carbonyldiimidazole (5.98 g, 36.9 mmol) in THF (60 mL)via cannula, stirred for 5 hours, treated with 5% KH₂PO₄ solution,stirred at 0° C. for 20 minutes, and extracted with ethyl acetate. Theextract was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated. The concentrate was purified by flash chromatography onsilica gel with with a gradient of from 25% acetone/hexanes to 40%acetone/hexanes to provide the desired product.

[0985] MS m/z 768 (M+H)⁺,

[0986]¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 0.90 (t, 3H), 0.95 (d, 3H), 1.21 (d, 3H), 1.27(d, 3H), 1.32 (s, 3H), 2.25 (s, 6H), 2.78 (s, 3H), 2.97 (m, 1H), 3.58(m, 1H), 2.63 (q, 1H), 4.14 (d, 1H), 4.50 (d, 1H), 5.00 (dd, 1H), 5.65(dd, 1H), 6.75 (s, 1H), 7.05 (m, 1H), 7.35 (m, 1H), 7.43 (dd, 2H), 7.54(t, 1H), 8.02 (d, 2H), 8.07(s, 1H);

[0987]¹³C NMR (CDCl₃): δ 204.8, 168.8, 165.0, 145.9, 138.4, 138.1,137.0, 132.7, 130.8, 130.5, 129.7, 128.2, 117.0, 102.1, 84.5, 81.0,78.5, 76.9, 72.0, 69.2, 63.7, 50.9, 50.2, 47.2, 40.7, 40.3, 38.8, 31.1,30.8, 22.5, 20.9, 20.7, 20.0, 18.8, 14.8, 14.2, 13.2, 10.4.

[0988] Step 1g:

[0989] A solution of a sample of the the product from Step 1f (134 mg,0.179 mmol) in acetonitrile (4 mL) at −78° C. was treated with liquidammonia for 6 minutes, stirred at room temperature for 24 hours,concentrated first by evaporation of the ammonia at room temperature andatmospheric pressure, and then by removal of the acetonitrile. Theconcentrate was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel with agradient of from 3:7 acetone/hexanes to 1:1 acetone/hexanes to provide30.6 mg of the desired product.

[0990] MS m/z 717 (M+H)⁺.

[0991] Step 1h:

[0992] A slurry of the product from Step 1g (717 mg, 1.0 mmol) and NaH(80% in mineral oil, 36 mg, 1.2 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was stirred at roomtemperature for 10 minutes, warmed to 60° C. for 30 miniutes, cooled to−30° C., treated dropwise with cinnamyl bromide (167 μL, 1.2 mmol)stirred for 6 hours at room temperature, treated with ethyl acetate,washed with 5% Na₂CO₃ and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated. The concentrate was purified by flash columnchromatography with 50:50:1:0.1 hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/ammoniumhydroxide to provide 600 mg of the desired product.

[0993] MS m/z 833 (M+H)⁺.

[0994] Step 1i:

[0995] A solution of the product from Step 1h in methanol was stirred atreflux for or 24 hours and concentrated. The concentrate was purified byflash column chromatography to provide of the desired product.

[0996] MS m/z 729 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 2 Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —N(W(R^(g))-, W is —(CH₂)_(p)-, p is 4, R^(g) isphenyl, R is —OH

[0997] Step 2a: Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Yand Z together are O, T is —N(W(R^(g)))-, W is —(CH₂)_(p)-, p is 4,R^(g) is phenyl, R is hydrogen

[0998] This precursor compound was prepared as described in FR 2669337,Example 10, Stage B.

[0999] MS m/z 849 (M+H)⁺.

[1000] Step 2b:

[1001] A solution of the product from Step 2a (5.0 g, 5.9 mmol) and NMO(1.38 g, 11.8 mmol) in THF (25 mL) was treated with OsO₄ (4% in water,0.090 mL 0.0147 mmol), stirred at at room temperature for 24 hours,treated with tert-butanol, stirred for 4 hours, treated with NMO (2.8 g,23.9 mmol), stirred for 5 days, treated with NMO (2.8 g, 23.9 mmol) andOsO₄ (0.25 mL, 0.04 mmol), stirred for 18 hours, treated sequentiallywith water and NaHSO₃ (10 g), stirred for 18 hours, treated with ethylacetate, washed sequentially with saturated NaHCO3 (2×), water, andbrine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The concentrate waspurified by flash column chromatography on silica gel with a gradient offrom 50:50:1 hexane/ethyl acetete/ammonium hydroxide to 40:60:1hexane/ethyl acetete/ammonium hydroxide to provide 2.23 g of the desiredproduct.

[1002] MS m/z 761 (M+H)⁺.

[1003] Step 2c:

[1004] A solution of the product from Step 2b (100 mg) in methanol (5mL) was stirred at reflux for 24 hours and concentrated. The concentratewas purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel with97.2:1.8:1 chloroform/methanol/ammonium hydroxide to provide 78 mg ofthe desired product.

[1005] MS m/z 681 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 3 Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is —CH₂CH(OH)CH₂OH, R^(b) isH, Y and Z together are O, T is —NH—, R is —OH

[1006] Step 3a: Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is —CH₂CH═CH₂, R^(b) isH, Y and Z together are O, T is —NH—, R is hydrogen

[1007] This precursor compound was prepared as described in U.S. Pat.No. 5,866,549, Example 177, Steps 177a-e.

[1008] MS m/z 681 (M+H)⁺.

[1009] Step 3b:

[1010] A solution of the product from Step 3a (1.0 g, 1.47 mmol) and NMO(1.2 g, 10.2 mmol) in THF at room temperature was treated with OSO₄,stirred for 18 hours, treated sequentially with NaHSO₃ (200 mg) andwater, stirred for 20 minutes, treated with ethyl acetate, washedsequentially with water and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated to provide the desired product which was used in the nextstep without further purification.

[1011] MS m/z 731 (M+H)⁺.

[1012] Step 3c:

[1013] A solution of the product from Step 3b (160 mg) in methanol (5mL) was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours and concentrated toprovide 119 mg of the desired product.

[1014] MS m/z 689 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 4 Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is —CH₂CH═CH—(3-quinolinyl),R^(b) is H, Y and Z together are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂CH═CH₂

[1015] Step 4a: Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is—CH₂CH═CH—(3-quinolinyl), R^(b) is H, Y and Z together are O, T is —NH—,R is —CH₂CH═CH₂

[1016] This precursor compound was prepared as described in U.S. Pat.No. 5,866,549, Example 178, Steps 178a and b.

[1017] MS m/z 766 (M+H)⁺.

[1018] Step 4b:

[1019] A solution of the product from Step 4a (153 mg, 0.2 mmol) in 1 :1THF/DMSO (10 mL) at 0° C. was treated sequentially with allyl bromideand a solution of 1M potassium tert-butoxide in THF (0.4 mL, 0.4 mmol)in 1:1 THF/DMSO (4 mL), stirred for 2 hours, treated with allyl bromide(4 mL), stirred for 30 minutes, treated with ethyl acetate (40 mL),washed sequentially with saturated NaHCO₃ and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered, and concentrated. The concentrate was purified by flash columnchromatography on silica gel with 95:5:0.5dichloromethane/methanol/ammonium hydroxide to provide 18 mg of thedesired product.

[1020] MS m/z 806 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 5 Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is —CH₂CH═CH—(3-quinolinyl),R^(b) is H, Y and Z together are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂CH₂CO₂C₂H₅,

[1021] A solution of the product from Step 4a (153 mg, 0.2 mmol) and18-crown-6 in DME (10 mL) at 0° C. was treated sequentially dropwisewith 0.5M potassium bis(hexamethylsilyl)amide in toluene (0.48 mL, 0.240mmol) and 2-bromoethyl acetate, stirred for 2 hours, treated with 5%NaHCO₃ and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed withbrine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The concentrate waspurified by flash column chromatography on silica gel with 50:50:1acetone/hexane/triethylamine to provide 49 mg of the desired product.

[1022] MS m/z 852 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 6 Compound of formula (III): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, A is —CH₂OH, B, D, and E are H, R is—CH₂-(4-chlorophenyl)

[1023] Step 6a: Compound of formula (III): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Yand Z together are O, A is —CH₂OH, B, D, and E are H, R is H

[1024] This precursor compound was prepared as described in PCTapplication WO 98/3054-A1, Example 62, Steps 62a-f and Example 63.

[1025] Step 6b:

[1026] A solution of the product from Step 6a (43 mg, 55.7, μmol in THFat 0° C. was treated with NaH (60% in mineral oil, 14.5 mg, 111 mmol),stirred for 15 minutes at 0° C. and at room temperature for 15 minutes,treated sequentially with 1-(bromomethyl)-4-chlorobenzene (23 mg, 111μmol) and DMF 300 μL), stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours, cooledto 0° C., treated sequentially with acetic acid (3 mL) and benzylamine(50 μL), stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes, treated withdichloromethane, washed sequentially with water (2×) and brine, dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The concentrate was purified byflash column chromatography with a gradient of from 1:1 diethylether/hexane to 1:1 acetone/hexane to 3:1 acetone/hexane to provide 24mg of a 1.3:1 mixture of diastereomers at C-2.

[1027] MS m/z 896 (M+H)⁺.

[1028] Step 6c:

[1029] A solution of the product from Step 6b (24 mg) in methanol (5 mL)was stirred at reflux for 24 hours and concentrated. The concentrate waspurified by flash column chromatography with 5% methanol/dichloromethaneto provide 18 mg of the desired product.

[1030] MS m/z 792 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 7 Compound of formula (I): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is —C(O)C₆H₅, Yand Z together are O, R is —OH

[1031] A solution of the product from Example 1, Step 1c (5.0 g, 7.23mmol) and NMO (1.7 g, 14.5 mmol) in THF (25 mL) was treated with OsO₄(4% in water, 0.090 mL 0.0147 mmol), stirred at at room temperature for24 hours, treated sequentially with NMO (1.7 g, 1.45 mmol) and OSO₄(0.10 mL), stirred for 48 hours at room temperature, treated with water(2 mL), stirred for 20 minutes to provide a two-phase mixture, treatedwith tert-butanol, stirred for 4 hours, treated with NMO (3.4 g, 29mmol), stirred for 5 days, treated with NMO (3.4 g, 29 mmol) and OSO₄(0.25 mL, 0.04 mmol), stirred for 10 days, treated sequentially withwater and NaHSO₃ (10 g), stirred for 18 hours, treated with ethylacetate, washed sequentially with saturated NaHCO₃ (2×), water, andbrine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The concentrate waspurified by flash column chromatography on silica gel with a gradient offrom. 50:50:1 hexane/ethyl acetete/ammonium hydroxide to 40:60:1hexane/ethyl acetete/ammonium hydroxide to provide 2.23 g of the desiredproduct.

[1032] MS m/z 708 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 8 Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is —CH₂CH═CH—(3-quinolinyl),R^(b) is H, Y and Z together are O, T is —NH—, R is —OH,

[1033] Step 8a:

[1034] A solution of the product from Example 4, Step 4a (9.44 g mg,12.34 mmol) in acetonitrile at 0° C. was treated with N-iodosuccinimideover 30 minutes, warmed to room temperature for 18 hours, cooled to 0°C., treated with additional, N-iodosuccinimide (0.666 g, 2.96 mmol),stirred for 2 hours, and concentrated. The concentrate was treated withethyl acetate, washed sequentially with 5% NaHCO₃, water, and brine,dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. A portion of the concentrate(800 mg) was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel witha gradient of from 95:5:0.5 to 90:10:0.5dichloromethane/methanol/ammonium hydroxide to provide 105 mg of thedesired product.

[1035] MS m/z 768 (M+H)⁺.

[1036] Step 8b:

[1037] A solution of the product from Step 8a (50 mg, 0.065 mmol) inmethanol (1 mL) at room temperature was treated sequentially withformaldehyde (37% in water, 50 μL, 0.650 mmol) acetic acid (12 μL, 0.650mmol), and NaBH₃CN (10 mg, 0.150 mmol), stirred for 4 hours, treatedwith ethyl acetate, washed sequentially with 5% NaHCO₃, water, TRIS, andbrine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The concentrate waspurified by flash column chromatography on silica gel with a gradient offrom 95:5:0.5 to 90:10:0.5 dichloromethane/methanol/ammonium hydroxideto provide 30.2 mg of the desired product.

[1038] MS m/z 782 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 9 Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is —CH₂C≡CH, R^(b) is H, Y andZ together are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂CH≡CH—(phenyl)

[1039] Step 9a: Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is —CH₂C═CH, R^(b) is H,Y and Z together are O, T is —NH—, R is H

[1040] This precursor compound was prepared as described in U.S. Pat.No. 5,866,549, Example 246, Steps 246a-h.

[1041] Step 9b:

[1042] A solution of the product from Step 9a (250 mg, 0.369 mmol) inDMF (2.5 mL) at room temperature was treated sequentially with K₂CO₃ (76mg, 0.553 mmol), TBAC (10 mg, 0.037 mmol), CuCl (3.6 mg, 0.037 mmol) andcinnamyl chloride (68 μL, 0.479 mmol), stirred for 18 hours, treatedwith 1:1 ethyl acetate/diethyl ether, washed sequentially with 5%NaHCO₃, water, and brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated. Theconcentrate was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gelwith 1% methanol/dichloromethane containing 1% ammonium hydroxide toprovide 41 mg of the desired product.

[1043] MS m/z 796 (M+H)⁺.

[1044] Step 9c:

[1045] A solution of the product from Step 9b (41 mg) in methanol (1 mL)was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours and concentrated to provide33 mg of the desired product.

[1046] MS m/z 753 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 10 Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —N(W(R^(g)))-, W is —(CH₂)_(p)-, p is 4, R^(g) isphenyl R is —OH

[1047] Step 10a:

[1048] Dry NaH (426 mg, 17.8 mmol) was mixed with THF (75 mL), cooled to0° C., treated with the product from Example 1, Step 1e (5.02 g, 7.46mmol), stirred for 30 minutes, treated over 15 minutes withmethanesulfonic anhydride, stirred at room temperature for 4.5 hours,treated with 5% KH₂PO₄, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extractwas washed sequentially with 5% NaHCO₃, water, and brine, dried (MgSO₄),filtered, and concentrated. The concentrate was purified by flash columnchromatography on silica gel with 2:1:1 hexane:acetone:dichloromethaneto provide 3.72 g of the desired product.

[1049] Step 10b:

[1050] The product from Step 10a (1.00 g, 1.33 mmol) was processed asdescribed in Step 1f and purified by flash column chromatography onsilica gel with 1:1 hexane:acetone:to provide 1.12 g the desiredproduct.

[1051] MS m/z 846 (M+H)⁺.

[1052] Step 10c:

[1053] The product from Step 10b (315 mg, 0.373 mmol) in acetonitrile (1mL) was treated with 4-phenyl-1-butanamine (0.3 mL), warmed to 50° C.for 6 hours, cooled to room temperature, treated with dichloromethane,washed with 5% KH₂PO₄ and brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, andconcentrated. The concentrate was purified by flash columnchromatography on silica gel with 15% acetone/hexane to provide 212 mgof the desired product.

[1054] MS m/z 927 (M+H)⁺.

[1055] Step 10d:

[1056] A solution of the product from Step 10c (200 mg) in methanol (10mL) was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours and concentrated. Theconcentrate was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gelwith a gradient of from 5% to 10% methanol/dichloromethane containing0.1% ammonium hydroxide to provide 171 mg of the desired product.

[1057] MS m/z 823 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 11 Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —N(W(R^(g)))-, W is —(CH₂)_(p)-, p is 2, R^(g) isamino, R is —SO₂CH₃

[1058] Step 11a:

[1059] The product from Example 10, Step 10b (400 mg, 0.473 mmol) inacetonitrile (3 mL) was treated with 1,2-ethanediamine (3 mL, 45 mmol),stirred for 18 hours, treated with dichloromethane, washed with 5%KH₂PO₄ and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. Theconcentrate was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gelwith 4% methanol/dichloromethane containing 1% ammonium hydroxide toprovide 272 mg of the desired product.

[1060] MS m/z 838 (M+H)⁺.

[1061] Step 11b:

[1062] A solution of the product from Step 11b (205 mg) in methanol (10mL) was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours and concentrated. Theconcentrate was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gelwith a gradient of from 5% methanol/dichloromethane to 10%methanol/dichloromethane containing 0.2% ammonium hydroxide to provide171 mg of the desired product.

[1063] MS m/z 823 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 12 Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂CH═CH₂

[1064] Step 12a:

[1065] The product from Example 1, Step 1g was processed as described inExample 4, Step 4b to provide the desired product.

[1066] Step 12b:

[1067] The product from Step 12a in methanol was stirred at reflux for24 hours and concentrated to provide the desired product.

[1068] MS m/z 653 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 13 Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂CH₃

[1069] Step 13a:

[1070] The product from Example 1, Step 1g was processed as described inExample 4, Step 4b (substituting 1-bromoethane for allyl bromide) toprovide the desired product.

[1071] Step 13b:

[1072] The product from Step 13a in methanol was stirred at reflux for24 hours and concentrated to provide the desired product.

[1073] MS m/z 641 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 14 Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂CO₂CH₃

[1074] Step 14a:

[1075] The product from Example 1, Step 1g was processed as described inExample 4, Step 4b (substituting methyl 2-bromoacetate for allylbromide) to provide the desired product.

[1076] Step 14b:

[1077] The product from Step 14a in methanol was stirred at reflux for24 hours and concentrated to provide the desired product.

[1078] MS m/z 685 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 15 Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂CH₂CO₂CH₃

[1079] Step 15a:

[1080] The product from Example 1, Step 1g was processed as in Example4, Step 4b (substituting methyl 3-bromopropanoate for allyl bromide) toprovide the desired product.

[1081] Step 15b:

[1082] The product from Step 15a in methanol was stirred at reflux for24 hours and concentrated to provide the desired product.

[1083] MS m/z 699 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 16 Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂C(O) (phenyl)

[1084] Step 16a:

[1085] The product from Example 1, Step 1g was processed as described inExample 4, Step 4b (substituting 2-bromo-1-phenyl-1-ethanone for allylbromide) to provide the desired product.

[1086] Step 16b:

[1087] The product from Step 16a in methanol was stirred at reflux for24 hours and concentrated to provide the desired product.

[1088] MS m/z731 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 17 Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is benzyl

[1089] Step 17a:

[1090] The product from Example 1, Step 1g was processed as described inExample 4, Step 4b (substituting 1-(bromomethyl)benzene for allylbromide) to provide the desired product.

[1091] Step 17b:

[1092] The product from Step 17a in methanol was stirred at reflux for24 hours and concentrated to provide the desired product.

[1093] MS m/z 703 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 18 Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂-(4-tert-butyl-phenyl)

[1094] Step 18a:

[1095] The product from Example 1, Step 1g was processed as described inExample 4, Step 4b (substituting 1-(bromomethyl)-4-(tert-butyl)benzenefor allyl bromide) to provide the desired product.

[1096] Step 18b:

[1097] The product from Step 18a in methanol was stirred at reflux for24 hours and concentrated to provide the desired product.

[1098] MS m/z 759 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 19 Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is -1,1′-biphenyl-2-ylmethyl

[1099] Step 19a:

[1100] The product from Example 1, Step 1g was processed as described inExample 4, Step 4b (substituting 3-(bromomethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl for allylbromide) to provide the desired product.

[1101] Step 19b:

[1102] The product from Step 19a in methanol was stirred at reflux for24 hours and concentrated to provide the desired product.

[1103] MS m/z 779 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 20 Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂-(3-chlorophenyl)

[1104] Step 20a:

[1105] The product from Example 1, Step 1g was processed as described inExample 4, Step 4b (substituting 1-(bromomethyl)-3-chlorobenzene forallyl bromide) to provide the desired product.

[1106] Step 20b:

[1107] The product from Step 20a in methanol was stirred at reflux for24 hours and concentrated to provide the desired product.

[1108] MS m/z 737 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 21 Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂CH₂CH═CH—(phenyl)

[1109] Step 21a:

[1110] The product from Example 1, Step 1g was processed as describedfor the product from Example 4, Step 4a in Example 4, Step 4b(substituting 1-[(E)-3-bromo-1-propenyl]benzene for allyl bromide) toprovide the desired product.

[1111] Step 21b:

[1112] The product from Step 21a in methanol was stirred at reflux for24 hours and concentrated to provide the desired product.

[1113] MS m/z 743 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 22 Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂-(3-naphthyl)

[1114] Step 22a:

[1115] The product from Example 1, Step 1g was processed as described inExample 4, Step 4b (substituting 2-(bromomethyl)naphthalene for allylbromide) to provide the desired product.

[1116] Step 22b:

[1117] The product from Step 22a in methanol was stirred at reflux for24 hours and concentrated to provide the desired product.

[1118] MS m/z 753 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 23 Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂-(9-anthracenyl)

[1119] Step 23a:

[1120] The product from Example 1, Step 1g was processed as described inExample 4, Step 4b (substituting 9-(bromomethyl)anthracene for allylbromide) to provide the desired product.

[1121] Step 23b:

[1122] The product from Step 23a in methanol was stirred at reflux for24 hours and concentrated to provide the desired product.

[1123] MS m/z 803 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 24 Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂-(4-fluorophenyl)

[1124] Step 24a:

[1125] The product from Example 1, Step 1g was processed as described inExample 4, Step 4b (substituting 1-(bromomethyl)-4-fluorobenzene forallyl bromide) to provide the desired product.

[1126] Step 24b:

[1127] The product from Step 24a in methanol was stirred at reflux for24 hours and concentrated to provide the desired product.

[1128] MS m/z 721 (M+H)⁺.

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound selected from the group consisting ofa compound of formula (I)

a compound of formula (II)

and a compound of formula (III)

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and prodrugs thereofwherein, in formulas (I)-(III), Y and Z together are selected from thegroup consisting of (1) oxo, (2) —N—OH, (3) ═N—OR¹ wherein R¹ isselected from the group consisting of (a) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, (b)-C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with aryl, (c) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted withsubstituted aryl, (d) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl, (e)-C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl, (f)-C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, (g) —Si(R²) (R³) (R⁴), wherein R², R³, and R⁴, areeach independently -C₁-C₁₂- alkyl or aryl, and (h) —(CH₂)_(n)NR⁵R⁶wherein n is two to six, and R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of (i) hydrogen, (ii) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, (iii)-C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with aryl, (iv) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted withsubstituted aryl, (v) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl, and(vi) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl, or R⁵ and R⁶taken together with the atom to which they are attached areC₃-C₁₂-heterocycloalkyl, and (4) ═N—OC(R⁷) (R⁸) (—OR¹), wherein R¹ isdefined above, and R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of (i) hydrogen, (ii) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, (iii) -C₁-C₁₂-alkylsubstituted with aryl, (iv) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substitutedaryl, (v) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl, and (vi)-C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl, or R⁷ and R⁸taken together with the atom to which they are attached areC₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, or one of Y and Z is hydrogen, and the other isselected from the group consisting of (1) hydrogen, (2) hydroxy, (3)—OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, and (4) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ aredefined above; T is selected from the group consisting of (1) —O—, (2)—NH—, and (3) —N(W(R^(g)))- wherein W is absent or selected from thegroup consisting of (a) —O—, (b) —(CH₂)p- wherein p is one to six, and(c) —NH—, and R^(g) is selected from the group consisting of (a)hydrogen, (b) -C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, (c) aryl, (d) substituted aryl, (e)heteroaryl, (f) substituted heteroaryl, (g) -C₁-C₆-alkyl, (h) —NR⁵R⁶wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, and (i) -C₁-C₆-alkyl substitutedwith one or more substituents independently selected from the groupconsisting of (i) aryl, (ii) substituted aryl, (iii) heteroaryl, (iv)substituted heteroaryl, (v) hydroxy, (vi) —OR¹, and (vii) —NR⁵R⁶ whereinR⁵ and R⁶ are defined above; R^(a) is selected from the group consistingof (1) -C₁-C₁₀-alkyl optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents independently selected from the group consisting of (a)halogen, (b) hydroxy, (c) —OR¹, (d) oxo, (e) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶are defined above, (f) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (g)—C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (h) ═N—OR¹ wherein R¹ isdefined above, (i) cyano, (j) —S(O)_(q)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined aboveand q is zero to two, (k) aryl, (l) substituted aryl, (m) heteroaryl,(n) substituted heteroaryl, (o) heterocycloalkyl, (p) substitutedheterocycloalkyl, (q) —NHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (r)—NHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (s) ═NNR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵and R⁶ are defined above, (t) ═NNHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,and (u) ═NNHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (2)-C₃-alkenyl, (3) -C₃-alkynyl, wherein (2) and (3) can be optionallysubstituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of (a)halogen, (b) carboxaldehyde, (c) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (d)—C(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (e) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶are defined above, (f) cyano, (g) aryl, (h) substituted aryl, (i)heteroaryl, and (j) substituted heteroaryl, (4) -C₄-C₁₀-alkenyl, and (5)-C₄-C₁₀-alkynyl, wherein (4) and (5) can be optionally substituted withone or more substituents independently selected from the groupconsisting of (a) halogen, (b) hydroxy, (c) —OR¹, (d) oxo, (e) —NR⁵R⁶wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (f) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is definedabove, (g) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (h) ═N—OR¹wherein R¹ is defined above, (i) cyano, (j) —S(O)_(q)R¹ wherein R¹ and qare defined above, (k) aryl, (l) substituted aryl, (m) heteroaryl, (n)substituted heteroaryl, (o) heterocycloalkyl, (p) substitutedheterocycloalkyl, (q) —NHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (r)—NHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (s) ═NNR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵and R⁶ are defined above, (t) ═NNHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,and (u) ═NNHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above; R^(b) ishydrogen or a hydroxy protecting group; R is selected from the groupconsisting of (1) -C₁-C₁₀-alkyl optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents independently selected from the group consisting of (a)halogen, (b) hydroxy, (c) —OR¹, (d) oxo, (e) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶are defined above, (f) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (g)—C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (h) ═N—OR¹ wherein R¹ isdefined above, (i) cyano, (j) —S(O)_(q)R¹ wherein R¹ and q are definedabove, (k) aryl, (l) substituted aryl, (m) heteroaryl, (n) substitutedheteroaryl, (o) heterocycloalkyl, (p) substituted heterocycloalkyl, (q)—NHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (r) —NHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ andR⁶ are defined above, (s) ═NNR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,(t) ═NNHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, and (u) ═NNHC(O)NR⁵R⁶wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (2) -C₃-alkenyl, (3) -C₃-alkynyl,wherein (2) and (3) can be optionally substituted with a substituentselected from the group consisting of (a) halogen, (b) carboxaldehyde,(c) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (d) —C(O)R¹ wherein R¹ isdefined above, (e) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (f)cyano, (g) aryl, (h) substituted aryl, (i) heteroaryl, and (j)substituted heteroaryl, (4) -C₄-C₁₀-alkenyl, and (5) -C₄-C₁₀-alkynyl,wherein (4) and (5) can be optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents independently selected from the group consisting of (a)halogen, (b) hydroxy, (c) —OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (d) oxo, (e)—NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (f) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ isdefined above, (g) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (h)═N—OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (i) cyano, (j) —S(O)_(q)R¹ whereinR¹ and q are defined above, (k) aryl, (l) substituted aryl, (m)heteroaryl, (n) substituted heteroaryl, (o) heterocycloalkyl, (p)substituted heterocycloalkyl, (q) —NHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,(r) —NHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (s) ═NNR⁵R⁶wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (t) ═NNHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ isdefined above, and (u) ═NNHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are definedabove; (4) —C(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (5) —C(O)OR¹ wherein R¹is defined above, (6) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,(7) hydroxyl, (8) —OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (9) —NR⁵R⁶ whereinR⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, and (10) —SO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is definedabove; and A, B, D, and E are independently selected from the groupconsisting of (1) hydrogen, and (2) -C₁-C₆-alkyl optionally substitutedwith one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of (a)-M-R¹¹ wherein M is selected from the group consisting of (i) a covalentbond, (ii) —C(O)NH—, (iii) —NHC(O)—, (iv) —NH—, (v) —N(CH₃)-, (vi) —O—,(vii) —S(O)_(n)- wherein n is defined above, (viii) —C(═NH)NH—, (ix)—C(O)O—, (x) —OC(O)—, (xi) —OC(O)NH—, (xii) —NHC(O)O—, and (xiii)—NHC(O)NH—, and R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of (i)-C₁-C₆-alkyl optionally substituted with a substituent selected from thegroup consisting of (1′) aryl, (2′) substituted aryl, (3′) heteroaryl,and (4′) substituted heteroaryl, (ii) aryl, (iii) substituted aryl, (iv)heteroaryl, (v) substituted heteroaryl and (vi) heterocycloalkyl, (b)aryl, (c) substituted aryl, (d) heteroaryl, (e) substituted heteroaryl,(f) heterocycloalkyl, (g) hydroxy, (h) -C₁-C₆-alkoxy, (i) halo, and (j)—NR¹⁵R¹⁶ wherein R¹⁵ and R¹⁶, together with the nitrogen atom to whichthey are attached, are a 3- to 7-membered ring optionally containingtherein a moiety selected from the group consisting of (i) —O—, (ii)—NH—, (iii) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl)-, (iv) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl-substituted witharyl)-, (v) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with substituted aryl)-, (vi)—N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl)-, (vii) —N(C₁-C₆-alkylsubstituted with substituted heteroaryl)-, (viii) —S—, and (ix)—S(O)_(q)- wherein q is defined above, or any one pair of substituentsselected from the group consisting of AB, AD, AE, BD, BE, and DE, takentogether with the atom or atoms to which they are attached, areC₃-C₇-cycloalkyl or a four- to seven-membered ring containing a moietyselected from the group consisting of (1) —O—, (2) —NH—, (3)—N(C₁-C₆-alkyl)-, (4) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with aryl)-, (5)—N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with substituted aryl)-, (6) —N(C₁-C₆-alkylsubstituted with heteroaryl)-, (7) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted withsubstituted heteroaryl)-, and (8) —S(O)_(q)- wherein q is defined above.2. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is—C(O)C₆H₅, Y and Z together are O, and R is —OH.
 3. A compound accordingto claim 1 wherein T is —NH— or —N(W(R^(g)))- wherein W and R^(g) aredefined above.
 4. A compound according to claim 3 wherein W is—(CH₂)_(p)- and R^(g) is phenyl or amino.
 5. A compound according toclaim 4 wherein R^(g) is phenyl.
 6. A compound according to claim 4wherein R^(g) is amino.
 7. A process for the preparation of a compoundof formula (I)

a compound of formula (II)

and a compound of formula (III)

wherein, in formulas (I)-(III), Y and Z together are selected from thegroup consisting of (1) oxo, (2) ═N—OH, (3) ═N—OR¹ wherein R¹ isselected from the group consisting of (a) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, (b)-C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with aryl, (c) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted withsubstituted aryl, (d) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl, (e)-C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl, (f)-C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, (g) —Si(R²) (R³) (R⁴), wherein R², R³, and R⁴, areeach independently -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl or aryl, and (h) —(CH₂)_(n)NR⁵R⁶wherein n is two to six, and R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of (i) hydrogen, (ii) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, (iii)-C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with aryl, (iv) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted withsubstituted aryl, (v) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl, and(vi) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl, or R⁵ and R⁶taken together with the atom to which they are attached areC₃-C₁₂-heterocycloalkyl, and (4) ═N—OC(R⁷) (R⁸) (—OR¹), wherein R¹ isdefined above, and R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of (i) hydrogen, (ii) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, (iii) -C₁-C₁₂-alkylsubstituted with aryl, (iv) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substitutedaryl, (v) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl, and (vi)-C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl, or R⁷ and R⁸taken together with the atom to which they are attached areC₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, or one of Y and Z is hydrogen, and the other isselected from the group consisting of (1) hydrogen, (2) hydroxy, (3)—OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, and (4) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ aredefined above; T is selected from the group consisting of (1) —O—, (2)—NH—, and (3) —N(W(R^(g)))- wherein W is absent or selected from thegroup consisting of (a) —O—, (b) —(CH₂)_(p)- wherein p is one to six,and (c) —NH—, and R^(g) is selected from the group consisting of (a)hydrogen, (b) -C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, (c) aryl, (d) substituted aryl, (e)heteroaryl, (f) substituted heteroaryl, (g) -C₁-C₆-alkyl, (h) —NR⁵R⁶wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, and (i) -C₁-C₆-alkyl substitutedwith one or more substituents independently selected from the groupconsisting of (i) aryl, (ii) substituted aryl, (iii) heteroaryl, (iv)substituted heteroaryl, (v) hydroxy, (vi) —OR¹, and (vii) —NR⁵R⁶ whereinR⁵ and R⁶ are defined above; R^(a) is selected from the group consistingof (1) -C₁-C₁₀-alkyl optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents independently selected from the group consisting of (a)halogen, (b) hydroxy, (c) —OR¹, (d) oxo, (e) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶are defined above, (f) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (g)—C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (h) ═N—OR¹ wherein R¹ isdefined above, (i) cyano, (j) —S(O)_(q)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined aboveand q is zero to two, (k) aryl, (l) substituted aryl, (m) heteroaryl,(n) substituted heteroaryl, (o) heterocycloalkyl, (p) substitutedheterocycloalkyl, (q) —NHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (r)—NHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (s) ═NNR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵and R⁶ are defined above, (t) ═NNHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,and (u) ═NNHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (2)-C₃-alkenyl, (3) -C₃-alkynyl, wherein (2) and (3) can be optionallysubstituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of (a)halogen, (b) carboxaldehyde, (c) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (d)—C(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (e) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶are defined above, (f) cyano, (g) aryl, (h) substituted aryl, (i)heteroaryl, and (j) substituted heteroaryl, (4) -C₄-C₁₀-alkenyl, and (5)-C₄-C₁₀-alkynyl, wherein (4) and (5) can be optionally substituted withone or more substituents independently selected from the groupconsisting of (a) halogen, (b) hydroxy, (c) —OR¹, (d) oxo, (e) —NR⁵R⁶wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (f) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is definedabove, (g) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (h) ═N—OR¹wherein R¹ is defined above, (i) cyano, (j) —S(O)_(q)R¹ wherein R¹ and qare defined above, (k) aryl, (l) substituted aryl, (m) heteroaryl, (n)substituted heteroaryl, (o) heterocycloalkyl, (p) substitutedheterocycloalkyl, (q) —NHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (r)—NHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (s) ═NNR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵and R⁶ are defined above, (t) ═NNHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,and (u) ═NNHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above; R^(b) ishydrogen or a hydroxy protecting group; R is selected from the groupconsisting of (1) -C₁-C₁₀-alkyl optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents independently selected from the group consisting of (a)halogen, (b) hydroxy, (c) —OR¹, (d) oxo, (e) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶are defined above, (f) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (g)—C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (h) ═N—OR¹ wherein R¹ isdefined above, (i) cyano, (j) —S(O)_(q)R¹ wherein R¹ and q are definedabove, (k) aryl, (l) substituted aryl, (m) heteroaryl, (n) substitutedheteroaryl, (o) heterocycloalkyl, (p) substituted heterocycloalkyl, (q)—NHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (r) —NHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ andR⁶ are defined above, (s) ═NNR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,(t) ═NNHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, and (u) ═NNHC(O)NR⁵R⁶wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (2) -C₃-alkenyl, (3) -C₃-alkynyl,wherein (2) and (3) can be optionally substituted with a substituentselected from the group consisting of (a) halogen, (b) carboxaldehyde,(c) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (d) —C(O)R¹ wherein R¹ isdefined above, (e) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (f)cyano, (g) aryl, (h) substituted aryl, (i) heteroaryl, and (j)substituted heteroaryl, (4) -C₄-C₁₀-alkenyl, and (5) -C₄-C₁₀-alkynyl,wherein (4) and (5) can be optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents independently selected from the group consisting of (a)halogen, (b) hydroxy, (c) —OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (d) oxo, (e)—NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (f) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ isdefined above, (g) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (h)—N—OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (i) cyano, (j) —S(O)_(q)R¹ whereinR¹ and q are defined above, (k) aryl, (l) substituted aryl, (m)heteroaryl, (n) substituted heteroaryl, (o) heterocycloalkyl, (p)substituted heterocycloalkyl, (q) —NHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,(r) —NHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (s) ═NNR⁵R⁶wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (t) ═NNHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ isdefined above, and (u) ═NNHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are definedabove; (4) —C(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (5) —C(O)OR¹ wherein R¹is defined above, (6) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,(7) hydroxyl, (8) —OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (9) —NR⁵R⁶ whereinR⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, and (10) —SO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is definedabove; and A, B, D, and E are independently selected from the groupconsisting of (1) hydrogen, and (2) -C₁-C₆-alkyl optionally substitutedwith one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of (a)-M-R¹¹ wherein M is selected from the group consisting of (i) a covalentbond, (ii) —C(O)NH—, (iii) —NHC(O)—, (iv) —NH—, (v) —N(CH₃)-, (vi) —O—,(vii) —S(O)_(n)- wherein n is defined above, (viii) —C(═NH)NH—, (ix)—C(O)O—, (x) —OC(O)—, (xi) —OC(O)NH—, (xii) —NHC(O)O—, and (xiii)—NHC(O)NH—, and R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of (i)—C₁-C₆-alkyl optionally substituted with a substituent selected from thegroup consisting of (1′) aryl, (2′) substituted aryl, (3′) heteroaryl,and (4′) substituted heteroaryl, (ii) aryl, (iii) substituted aryl, (iv)heteroaryl, (v) substituted heteroaryl and (vi) heterocycloalkyl, (b)aryl, (c) substituted aryl, (d) heteroaryl, (e) substituted heteroaryl,(f) heterocycloalkyl, (g) hydroxy, (h) -C₁-C₆-alkoxy, (i) halo, and (j)—NR¹⁵R¹⁶ wherein R¹⁵ and R¹⁶, together with the nitrogen atom to whichthey are attached, are a 3- to 7-membered ring optionally containingtherein a moiety selected from the group consisting of (i) —O— (ii)—NH—, (iii) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl)-, (iv) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl-substituted witharyl)-, (v) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with substituted aryl)-, (vi)—N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl)-, (vii) —N(C₁-C₆-alkylsubstituted with substituted heteroaryl)-, (viii) —S—, and (ix)—S(O)_(q)- wherein q is defined above, or any one pair of substituentsselected from the group consisting of AB, AD, AE, BD, BE, and DE, takentogether with the atom or atoms to which they are attached, areC₃-C₇-cycloalkyl or a four- to seven-membered ring containing a moietyselected from the group consisting of (1) —O—, (2) —NH—, (3)—N(C₁-C₆-alkyl)-, (4) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with aryl)-, (5)—N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with substituted aryl)-, (6) —N(C₁-C₆-alkylsubstituted with heteroaryl)-, (7) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted withsubstituted heteroaryl)-, and (8) —S(O)_(q)- wherein q is defined above,the process comprising (a) reacting a compound of formula (Ia)

a compound of formula (IIa)

or a compound of formula (IIIa)

with an electrophile in the presence of base, and (b) optionallydeprotecting and isolating the desired product.
 8. The process accordingto claim 7 wherein the base is selected from the group consisting ofsodium hydride, potassium hydride, potassium carbonate, potassiumiso-propoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, potassium iso-butoxide, lithiumbis(trimethylsilyl)amide, sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, and potassiumbis(trimethylsilyl)amide.
 9. The process according to claim 7 whereinthe electrophile is selected from the group consisting of an alkylchloride, an alkyl bromide, an alkyl iodide, an alkyl sulfonicanhydride, and an electrophilic nitrogen reagent.
 10. A process for thepreparation of a compound of formula (I)

a compound of formula (II)

and a compound of formula (III)

wherein, in formulas (I)-(III), Y and Z together are selected from thegroup consisting of (1) oxo, (2) ═N—OH, (3) ═N—OR¹ wherein R¹ isselected from the group consisting of (a) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, (b)-C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with aryl, (c) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted withsubstituted aryl, (d) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl, (e)-C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl, (f)-C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, (g) —Si(R²) (R³) (R⁴), wherein R², R³, and R⁴, areeach independently -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl or aryl, and (h) —(CH₂)_(n)NR⁵R⁶wherein n is two to six, and R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of (i) hydrogen, (ii) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, (iii)-C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with aryl, (iv) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted withsubstituted aryl, (v) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl, and(vi) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl, or R⁵ and R⁶taken together with the atom to which they are attached areC₃-C₁₂-heterocycloalkyl, and (4) ═N—OC(R⁷) (R⁸) (—OR¹), wherein R¹ isdefined above, and R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of (i) hydrogen, (ii) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, (iii) -C₁-C₁₂-alkylsubstituted with aryl, (iv) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substitutedaryl, (v) -C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl, and (vi)-C₁-C₁₂-alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl, or R⁷ and R⁸taken together with the atom to which they are attached areC₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, or one of Y and Z is hydrogen, and the other isselected from the group consisting of (1) hydrogen, (2) hydroxy, (3)—OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, and (4) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ aredefined above; T is selected from the group consisting of (1) —O—, (2)—NH—, and (3) —N(W(R^(g)))- wherein W is absent or selected from thegroup consisting of (a) —O—, (b) —(CH₂)_(p)- wherein p is one to six,and (c) —NH—, and R^(g) is selected from the group consisting of (a)hydrogen, (b) —-C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, (c) aryl, (d) substituted aryl, (e)heteroaryl, (f) substituted heteroaryl, (g) -C₁-C₆-alkyl, (h) —NR⁵R⁶wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, and (i) -C₁-C₆-alkyl substitutedwith one or more substituents independently selected from the groupconsisting of (i) aryl, (ii) substituted aryl, (iii) heteroaryl, (iv)substituted heteroaryl, (v) hydroxy, (vi) —OR¹, and (vii) —NR⁵R⁶ whereinR⁵ and R⁶ are defined above; R^(a) is selected from the group consistingof (1) -C₁-C₁₀-alkyl optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents independently selected from the group consisting of (a)halogen, (b) hydroxy, (c) —OR¹, (d) oxo, (e) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶are defined above, (f) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (g)—C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (h) ═N—OR¹ wherein R¹ isdefined above, (i) cyano, (j) —S(O)_(q)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined aboveand q is zero to two, (k) aryl, (l) substituted aryl, (m) heteroaryl,(n) substituted heteroaryl, (o) heterocycloalkyl, (p) substitutedheterocycloalkyl, (q) —NHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (r)—NHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (s) —NNR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵and R⁶ are defined above, (t) ═NNHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,and (u) ═NNHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (2)-C₃-alkenyl, (3) -C₃-alkynyl, wherein (2) and (3) can be optionallysubstituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of (a)halogen, (b) carboxaldehyde, (c) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (d)—C(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (e) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶are defined above, (f) cyano, (g) aryl, (h) substituted aryl, (i)heteroaryl, and (j) substituted heteroaryl, (4) -C₄-C₁₀-alkenyl, and (5)-C₄-C₁₀-alkynyl, wherein (4) and (5) can be optionally substituted withone or more substituents independently selected from the groupconsisting of (a) halogen, (b) hydroxy, (c) —OR¹, (d) oxo, (e) —NR⁵R⁶wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (f) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is definedabove, (g) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (h) ═N—OR¹wherein R¹ is defined above, (i) cyano, (j) —S(O)_(q)R¹ wherein R¹ and qare defined above, (k) aryl, (l) substituted aryl, (m) heteroaryl, (n)substituted heteroaryl, (o) heterocycloalkyl, (p) substitutedheterocycloalkyl, (q) —NHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (r)—NHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (s) ═NNR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵and R⁶ are defined above, (t) ═NNHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,and (u) ═NNHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above; R^(b) ishydrogen or a hydroxy protecting group; R is selected from the groupconsisting of (1) -C₁-C₁₀-alkyl optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents independently selected from the group consisting of (a)halogen, (b) hydroxy, (c) —OR¹, (d) oxo, (e) —NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶are defined above, (f) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (g)—C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (h) ═N—OR¹ wherein R¹ isdefined above, (i) cyano, (j) —S(O)_(q)R¹ wherein R¹ and q are definedabove, (k) aryl, (l) substituted aryl, (m) heteroaryl, (n) substitutedheteroaryl, (o) heterocycloalkyl, (p) substituted heterocycloalkyl, (q)—NHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (r) —NHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ andR⁶ are defined above, (s) ═NNR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,(t) ═NNHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, and (u) ═NNHC(O)NR⁵R⁶wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (2) -C₃-alkenyl, (3) -C₃-alkynyl,wherein (2) and (3) can be optionally substituted with a substituentselected from the group consisting of (a) halogen, (b) carboxaldehyde,(c) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (d) —C(O)R¹ wherein R¹ isdefined above, (e) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (f)cyano, (g) aryl, (h) substituted aryl, (i) heteroaryl, and (j)substituted heteroaryl, (4) -C₄-C₁₀-alkenyl, and (5) -C₄-C₁₀-alkynyl,wherein (4) and (5) can be optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents independently selected from the group consisting of (a)halogen, (b) hydroxy, (c) —OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (d) oxo, (e)—NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (f) —CO₂R¹ wherein R¹ isdefined above, (g) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (h)═N—OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (i) cyano, (j) —S(O)_(q)R¹ whereinR¹ and q are defined above, (k) aryl, (l) substituted aryl, (m)heteroaryl, (n) substituted heteroaryl, (o) heterocycloalkyl, (p)substituted heterocycloalkyl, (q) —NHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above,(r) —NHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (s) ═NNR⁵R⁶wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, (t) ═NNHC(O)R¹ wherein R¹ isdefined above, and (u) ═NNHC(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are definedabove; (4) —C(O)R¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (5) —C(O)OR¹ wherein R¹is defined above, (6) —C(O)NR⁵R⁶ wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above,(7) hydroxyl, (8) —OR¹ wherein R¹ is defined above, (9) —NR⁵R⁶ whereinR⁵ and R⁶ are defined above, and (10) —SO₂R¹ wherein R¹ is definedabove; and A, B, D, and E are independently selected from the groupconsisting of (1) hydrogen, and (2) -C₁-C₆-alkyl optionally substitutedwith one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of (a)-M-R¹¹ wherein M is selected from the group consisting of (i) a covalentbond, (ii) —C(O)NH—, (iii) —NHC(O)—, (iv) —NH—, (v) —N(CH₃)-, (vi) —O—,(vii) —S(O)_(n)- wherein n is defined above, (viii) —C(═NH)NH—, (ix)—C(O)O—, (x) —OC(O)—, (xi) —OC(O)NH—, (xii) —NHC(O)O—, and (xiii)—NHC(O)NH—, and R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of (i)-C₁-C₆-alkyl optionally substituted with a substituent selected from thegroup consisting of (1′) aryl, (2′) substituted aryl, (3′) heteroaryl,and (4′) substituted heteroaryl, (ii) aryl, (iii) substituted aryl, (iv)heteroaryl, (v) substituted heteroaryl and (vi) heterocycloalkyl, (b)aryl, (c) substituted aryl, (d) heteroaryl, (e) substituted heteroaryl,(f) heterocycloalkyl, (g) hydroxy, (h) -C₁-C₆-alkoxy, (i) halo, and (j)—NR¹⁵R¹⁶ wherein R¹⁵ and R¹⁶, together with the nitrogen atom to whichthey are attached, are a 3- to 7-membered ring optionally containingtherein a moiety selected from the group consisting of (i) —O—, (ii)—NH—, (iii) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl)-, (iv) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl-substituted witharyl)-, (v) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with substituted aryl)-, (vi)—N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with heteroaryl)-, (vii) —N(C₁-C₆-alkylsubstituted with substituted heteroaryl)-, (viii) —S—, and (ix)—S(O)_(q)- wherein q is defined above, or any one pair of substituentsselected from the group consisting of AB, AD, AE, BD, BE, and DE, takentogether with the atom or atoms to which they are attached, areC₃-C₇-cycloalkyl or a four- to seven-membered ring containing a moietyselected from the group consisting of (1) —O—, (2) —NH—, (3)—N(C₁-C₆-alkyl)-, (4) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with aryl)-, (5)—N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with substituted aryl)-, (6) —N(C₁-C₆-alkylsubstituted with heteroaryl)-, (7) —N(C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted withsubstituted heteroaryl)-, and (8) —S(O)_(q)- wherein q is defined above,the process comprising (a) reacting a compound of formula (Ia)

a compound of formula (IIa)

or a compound of formula (IIIa)

with anoxidizing agent and (b) optionally deprotecting and isolating thedesired product.
 11. The process according to claim 10 wherein theoxidizing agent is selected from the group consisting of OsO₄, and NMO,RuO₄, NIS and water, NIA and water, iodine and water, and m-CPBA.
 12. Apharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amountof a compound of claim 1 with a pharmaceuticlly acceptible carrier. 13.A method of treating bacterial infection in a mammal in recognized needof such treatment comprising administering an effective amount of acompound of claim
 1. 14. A compound selected from the group consistingof Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Z togetherare O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂CH═CH—(phenyl), Compound of formula (II):R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Z together are O, T is —N(W(R^(g)))-, Wis —(CH₂)_(p)-, p is 4, R^(g) is phenyl, R is —OH, Compound of formula(II): R^(a) is —CH₂CH(OH)CH₂OH, R^(b) is H, Y and Z together are O, T is—NH—, R is —OH, Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is—CH₂CH═CH—(3-quinolinyl), R^(b) is H, Y and Z together are O, T is —NH—,R is —CH₂CH═CH₂, Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is—CH₂CH═CH—(3-quinolinyl), R^(b) is H, Y and Z together are O, T is —NH—,R is —CH₂CO₂C₂H₅, Compound of formula (III): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Yand Z together are O, A is —CH₂OH, B,D, and E are H, R is—CH₂-(4-chlorophenyl), Compound of formula (I): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is—C(O)C₆H₅, Y and Z together are O, R is —OH, Compound of formula (II):R^(a) is —CH₂CH═CH—(3-quinolinyl), R^(b) is H, Y and Z together are O, Tis —NH—, R is —OH, Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is —CH₂C═—CH, R^(b)is H, Y and Z together are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂CH═CH—(phenyl),Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Z together areO, T is —N(W(R^(g)))-, W is —(CH₂)_(p)-, p is 4, R^(g) is phenyl, R is—SO₂CH₃, Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —N(W(R^(g)))-, W is —(CH₂)_(p)-, p is 2, R^(g) isamino, R is —SO₂CH₃, Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H,Y and Z together are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂CH═CH₂, Compound of formula(II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Z together are O, T is —NH—, R is—CH₂CH₃, Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂CO₂CH₃, Compound of formula (II):R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Z together are O, T is —NH—, R is—CH₂CH₂CO₂CH₃, Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y andZ together are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂C(O) (phenyl), Compound of formula(II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Z together are O, T is —NH—, R isbenzyl, Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Ztogether are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂-(4-tert-butyl-phenyl), Compound offormula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Z together are O, T is—NH—, R is -1,1′-biphenyl-2-ylmethyl, Compound of formula (II): R^(a) isCH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Z together are O, T is —NH—, R is—CH₂-(3-chlorophenyl), Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) isH, Y and Z together are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂CH₂CH═CH—(phenyl),Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Z together areO, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂-(3-naphthyl), Compound of formula (II): R^(a) isCH₃, R^(b) is H, Y and Z together are O, T is —NH—, R is—CH₂-(9-anthracenyl), and Compound of formula (II): R^(a) is CH₃, R^(b)is H, Y and Z together are O, T is —NH—, R is —CH₂-(4-fluorophenyl).